This is to certify that ______Rudra Pratap Singh________, student of class 12th

Has successfully completed the study on the topic

“Conductors and factors affecting conductance”
Under the guidance of Mr.Vivek Dixit (subject teacher) during the academic year
2019-20
Name of Examiner Name of Subject Teacher

………………………………………. ……………………………………….

Signature of Examiner Signature of Subject Teacher

…………………………………………. …………………………………………. 1
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 Content:

1. Capacitors 4

2. Geometric shapes 5

3. Working 6

4. Capacitance 7

5. Types of capacitors 8

6. Applications 9

7. Factors affecting capacitance 10

8. Biblography 13

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 Capacitor

• A capacitor stores electrical energy by

electrostatic stress in the dielectric.

• The energy is in the form of charge stored.

• A capacitor essentially consist of two conducting

surfaces separated by a layer of an insulating medium
called dielectric.

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 Geometric Shapes

Parallel-Plate Capacitor : In a Parallel-Plate Capacitor two very small

and thin conducting plates are placed parallel to each other at a fine distance.

Cylindrical Capacitor : A cylindrical capacitor is a parallel-plate capacitor that

has been rolled up with an insulating layer between the plates.

Spherical Capacitor : A spherical capacitor is a kind of capacitor which have

one or more thin hollow spherical plate conductors.

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 Working

One plate is joined to the positive A end of the supply

and the other to the negative end or is earthed. When such a
capacitor is put across a battery, there is a momentary flow of
electrons from A to B. As negatively-charged electrons are
withdrawn from A, it becomes positive and as these electrons
collect on B, it becomes negative. Hence, a p.d. is established
between plates A and B.

The transient flow of electrons gives rise to charging current.

The strength of the charging current is maximum when the two
plates are uncharged but it then decreases and finally ceases
when p.d. across the plates becomes slowly and slowly equal
and opposite to the battery e.m.f.

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 Capacitance

• The capacitance of a capacitor is defined as "the amount of charge required to create a unit p.d. between
its plates."

C = Q ____Charge_______
V Potential difference

• Unit of capacitance: 1 farad = I coulomb/volt • smaller units like microfarad

nanofarad, micro—microfarad and picofarad are generally employed.
• 1pF = 10-6F; 1 of= 10-9 F; ppF or pF = 10-12F.

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 Types of capacitors

The type of dielectric used determines the type of capacitors. Like air, ceramic, mica
etc.

Because of the dielectric strength of a dielectric, all capacitors have a voltage rating
along with a reading in farads.

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 Applications

A capacitor can store electric energy when disconnected from its charging circuit, so it
can be used like a temporary battery. Capacitors are commonly used in electronic
devices to maintain power supply while batteries are being changed. DC blocking
capacitor :

In this application the capacitor blocks the passage of DC current (after completely
charged) and yet allows the AC to pass at certain portion of a circuit. Capacitor as a filter
: Capacitors are the main elements of filters. There are several types of filters that are
used in electronic circuits, such as Low Pass Filter, High Pass Filter, Band Pass Filter etc.

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 Factors affecting the capacitance of capacitors

Plate Area
All other factors being equal, greater plate area gives greater capacitance; less plate area gives less
capacitance.

Explanation: Larger plate area results in more field flux (charge collected on the plates) for a given field force
(voltage across the plates).
.

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Plate Spacing
All other factors being equal, further plate spacing gives less capacitance; closer plate spacing gives
greater capacitance.

Explanation: Closer spacing results in a greater field force (voltage across the capacitor divided by the
distance between the plates), which results in a greater field flux (charge collected on the plates) for
any given voltage applied across the plates.

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Dielectric Material
All other factors being equal, greater permittivity of the dielectric gives greater capacitance; less permittivity of
the dielectric gives less capacitance.

Explanation: Although its complicated to explain, some materials offer less opposition to field flux for a given
amount of field force. Materials with a greater permittivity allow for more field flux (offer less opposition), and
thus a greater collected charge, for any given amount of field force (applied voltage).

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 Biblography

• www.google.co.in

• www.slideshare.com

• www.Wikipedia.com

• www.allaboutcircuits.com

• www.insideindiatech.com

Images:

• www.google.com

• www.shutterstock.com
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