PRESENTED BY

NAME : T MASILAMANI
REG NO: 17MC67
BRANCH:M.E STRUCT ENGG (PT)
SUBJECT: FOUNDATION STRUCTURES
DATE: 21.03.2019
 MACHINE FOUNDATION
• Machine foundation is the foundation that is provided beneath the super
structure of vibrating and rotating machine.
• Machines foundations are subjected to the dynamic forces caused by the
machine. These dynamic forces are transmitted to the foundation supporting the
machine.

• Althrough the moving parts of the machine are generally balanced. There is
always some unbalance in practice which causes an eccentricity of rotating
parts. This produces an oscillatory force.
• Machine foundation design, which is also known as machinery foundation design
is accomplished to protect the adjacent foundations of the structure from the
vibration of the rotating or vibrating machine.

• The analysis of Machine Foundation involves not only static loads but also the
dynamic loads which are caused due to the working of the machine. Therefore,
the machine foundation should survive these loads.

• Therefore, it becomes vital to reduce the natural frequency of soil beneath the
foundation.

• So the machine foundation should satisfy the criteria for dynamic loading in
addition to the static loading.
General requirements of machine
foundations
• The following general requirements of machine foundations shall be satisfied
and results checked prior to detailing the foundations.

1. The foundation should be able to carry the superimposed loads without causing
shear or crushing failure.

2. The settlements should be within the permissible limits.

3. The combined centre of gravity of machine and foundation should, as far as

possible, be in the same vertical line as the centre of gravity of the base plane.
4. No resonance should occur, hence the natural frequency of the
foundation–soil system should be either too large or too small
compared to the operating frequency of the machine. For low-speed
machines, the natural frequency should be high.

5. The amplitudes under service conditions should be within

permissible limits which are prescribed by the machine manufacturers.

6. All rotating and reciprocating parts of a machine should be so well

balanced as to minimize the unbalanced forces or moments.
 Kinds of machines
• There are many kinds of machines that generate different types of time-
dependent forces. The three most important categories are:

(1) Reciprocating Machines:

• Machines that produce periodic unbalanced force

• Such as compressor and reciprocating engines belong to this category.

• The operating speeds of such machines are usually less than 600 r.p.m.

• For analysis of their foundations, the unbalanced forces can be considered to

vary sinusoidally.
(2) Impact machines:

• Machines that produce impact loads like forging hummers and punching
press are included in this category.

• Their speeds of operations are usually from 60 to 150 blows per minute.

• In these machines, the dynamic force attains a peak value in a very short
time and then dies out gradually.

(3) Rotary machines:

• High-speed machines like turbo generators or rotary compressors may

have speeds of more than 300 r.p.m and up to 10,000 r.p.m.
TYPES OF MACHINE FOUNDATION

• Block Type Machine Foundation

• Box or Caisson Type Machine Foundation
• Wall Type Machine Foundation
• Framed Type Machine Foundation
• Non-Rigid or Flexible type of Machine Foundation
 Block Type Machine Foundation

This type of foundation consists

of a pedestal resting on a
footing have has large mass and
a small natural frequency.
 Box or Caisson Type Machine Foundation
• Box type foundation consists of a
hollow concrete block as shown in
figure below.

• The mass of this foundation is less than

block type machine foundation as it is
hollow.

• The natural frequency of the box type

machine foundation is increased
 Wall Type Machine Foundation
• This type of machine foundation
consists of a pair of walls with a slab
resting on top.

• This type of foundation is constructed

of homogeneous materials.

• It is used for small machines and the

machine is rested on the top slab.
 Framed Type Machine Foundation
• This type of machine foundation
consists of vertical columns with
horizontal frame at their tops.

• It is used for larger machines. The

machines are rested on the top of
frames.

• The vertical and horizontal members of

this foundation can be constructed by
different materials.
Non-Rigid or Flexible type of Machine Foundation

• Machine Foundation is subjected to

dynamic loads. These loads develop the
vibratory motions which will transmit into
the soil below the foundation.

• The effect on soil caused by these

vibrations is analyzed using principles of
soil dynamics and theory of vibrations.
 SUITABILITY OF VARIOUS TYPES

• Block Type – machines which produce periodical and impulsive

forces at low speeds.

• Framed type – Machines working at higher speeds

• Some machines which produce very little dynamic forces, such

as lathes need not be provided with a machine foundation.

• Such machines may be directly bolted to the floor.

 Modes of Vibration
• A system with more than one degree of freedom vibrates in
complex modes. However, if each point in the system follows a
definite pattern of vibration, the mode is systematic and orderly,
and is known as a ‘principal mode of vibration’.
• The vibration of a block can be reduced to six modes for the
purpose of analysis. These are
(i) Translation along X-axis (lateral)

(ii) Translation along Y-axis (longitudinal)

(iii) Translation along Z-axis (vertical)

(iv) Rotation about X-axis (pitching)

(v) Rotation about Y-axis (rocking)

(vi) Rotation about Z-axis (yawing or torsional)

These are known as the Principal modes of vibration of the
block and are shown schematically in Figure.
• Vertical and torsional vibrations can occur independently but not
others. This is because rotation about X-axis or Y-axis is always
accompanied by translation along Y- or X-axis and viceversa.

• If a combination of more than one mode of vibration occurs in a

particular case, it is referred to as ‘coupled mode’ of vibration.
The analysis of such modes requires the use of complex mathematical
treatment.
Types of Vibrations in Machine Foundation

•Free vibration

•Forced vibration
 Free Vibration in Machine Foundation
• Free vibrations occur without any external force and they occur under
the influence of forces in the system itself.

• But to start free vibrations, initially an external force or natural

disturbance is required.

• Free vibrations may be of two types as follows

1. Damped vibrations
2. Undamped vibrations
Forced Vibration in Machine Foundation

• Forced vibrations occur with continuous external forces on machine

foundation. Let us say a damped system is subjected to exciting
force F(t). The equation of motion can be written as
 Steps to reduce the vibrations
Following steps will help to reduce the vibrations upto a certain extent

• (i) Selection of sites for the foundations : The machinery and the
foundation should be located as far as possible from the foundations of

adjacent structures in order to reduce the vibrations felt by the adjacent

structures.

• (ii) Dynamic loads should be well balanced: The machine should be so

balanced that even after the dynamic loads are applied it should be
nullified without causing any harmful effects.
• iii) Providing Suitable foundations :Depending on the type of machine
,the load coming on the foundation ,its operating freequency ,the
designer should design the foundation in such a manner so as to reduce
the vibrations being transmitted from machine to the soil below the
foundation
• (iv) Providing proper isolation: When machine foundations are
unavoidably very close to the adjoining structures, the care should be
taken to properly isolate the other structures from machine foundation
by providing isolation material such as rubber or wood below the
machine foundation.
 References
• Advanced Foundation Engineering in NPTEL

• https://nptel.ac.in/courses/105108069/mod09/lec09.pdf

• http://civilengineersforum.com/machine-foundations/

• International Research Journal of Engineering and Technology (IRJET) ( Dynamic Analysis of

Machine Foundation Manohar., B.K. Raghu Prasad, Dr.K. Amarnath. e-ISSN: 2395-0056 )

• IJSART - Dynamic Analysis of Machine Foundation Using Ansys (Volume 4 Issue 10 –OCTOBER
2018 ISSN [ONLINE]: 2395-1052 )

• International Journal of Innovative Research in Science, Engineering and Technology (Dynamic

Analysis Of Machine Foundation Piyush K. Bhandari, Ayan Sengupta Assistant Professor, Dept of
Civil Engg, PDVVP COE,Ahmednagar, Maharashtra,India.)