THE TEACHING PROFESSION

“In the road to excellence….I

know how to finish line……
DR. MA. CARMEN D. SOLAYAO
YOUR PHILOSOPHICAL HERITAGE

LESSON 1
WHAT IS PHILOSOPHY?

 Philo – Greek word for LOVE

 Sophos – Greek word for WISDOM
 LOVE OF WISDOM – pursuit of knowledge
 study of ideas of knowledge, truth, nature and meaning of life
 set of ideas about how to do something or how to live
 Serves as the window to the world and compass in the sea of life –
Corpuz, 2006
FAMOUS PHILOSOPHERS
7 PHILOSOPHIES OF EDUCATION

 ESSENTIALISM
 PROGRESSIVISM
 PERENNIALISM
 EXISTENSIALISM
 BEHAVIORISM
 LINGUISTIC PHILOSOPHY
 CONSTRUCTIVISM
ESSENTIALISM

Why Teach? (to acquire)

Teachers teach “not to radically reshape society but rather to
transmit traditional moral values and intellectual knowledge that
students needed to become model citizens”.
ESSENTIALISM

What to Teach? (traditional)

They emphasize on the academic content for students to learn
fundamental Rs
Reading
‘Riting
‘Rithmetic
Right Conduct
ESSENTIALISM

What to Teach? (traditional)

Essentialist curriculum focuses on traditional disciplines (math,
natural science, history, foreign languages, literature)
Essentialists frown at vocational subjects
ESSENTIALISM

How to Teach? (mastery)

Essentialists emphasize MASTERY of the subject matter.
Essentialist expected to be intellectual and moral models of their
students, the “Fountain” of information and “paragon of virtue”.
Using of prescribed books, drill methods, lecture method,
memorization and discipline are things that an essentialist are
heavily relied on.
PROGRESSIVISM

Why Teach? (to develop)

Teachers teach to develop learners to becoming enlightened
and intelligent citizens of a democratic society.
PROGRESSIVISM

Why Teach? (to develop)

Teachers teach to develop learners to becoming enlightened
and intelligent citizens of a democratic society.
PROGRESSIVISM

What to Teach? (skills to cope with change)

Has need-based and relevant curriculum.
Progressivists accept the impermanence of life and the
inevitability of change
Focus their teaching on the teaching of skills or processes in
gathering and evaluating information and in problem solving.
Emphasize on subjects such as natural and social sciences.
PROGRESSIVISM

What to Teach? (skills to cope with change)

Has need-based and relevant curriculum.
Progressivists accept the impermanence of life and the
inevitability of change
Focus their teaching on the teaching of skills or processes in
gathering and evaluating information and in problem solving.
Emphasize on subjects such as natural and social sciences.
PROGRESSIVISM

How to Teach? (by experimental methods)

Progressivists believe that one learns by doing.
Progressivists rely on PROBLEM SOLIVING method.
Other “hands-on-minds-on-hearts-on” teaching methodology
includes field trips and thought-provoking games.
PERENNIALISM

Why Teach? (to become rational)

According to Aristotle, if we neglect student’s reasoning skills, we
deprived them to use higher faculties to control their passion and
appetites.
PERENNIALISM

What to Teach? (principles)

Perennialist curriculum is a universal one on the view that all
human beings possess the same essential nature.
Perennialists believe that one should teach the things that are of
everlasting pertinence to all people everywhere, and that the
emphasis should be on principles, not facts.
Focuses heavily on humanities, on general education.
Considered Great Books of ancient, medieval and modern times
are repository of knowledge and wisdom.
PERENNIALISM

How to Teach?
Perennialist classrooms are “centered around teachers”.
Students engaged to Socratic dialogues, or mutual inquiry
sessions to develop an understanding of history’s most timeless
concepts
EXISTENTIALISM

Why Teach?
To help students understand and appreciate themselves as
unique individuals who accept complete responsibility for
their thoughts, feelings and actions.
To help students to define their own essence by exposing
them to various paths they take in life and by creating an
environment in which they freely choose their won
preferred way.
EXISTENTIALISM

What to Teach?
In existentialist curriculum, students are given a wide variety
of options from which to choose.
Given tremendous emphasis on humanities, to provide
students with vicarious experiences that will unleashed their
own creativity and self expression.
EXISTENTIALISM

How to Teach?
Existentialist methods focus on the individual (students).
Teachers employs values clarification strategy where
they remain non-judgmental and take care not to
impose their values on their students since values are
personal.
BEHAVIORISM

Why Teach?
Concerned with modification and shaping of
students’ behavior by providing a favorable
environment
BEHAVIORISM

What to Teach?
Teachers teach students on how to respond
favorably to various stimuli in the environment.
BEHAVIORISM

How to Teach?
Behaviorist teachers ought to arrange environmental
conditions so that students can make responses to
stimuli.
They ought to provide appropriate incentives to
reinforce positive responses and weaken or eliminate
negative ones.
BEHAVIORISM

How to Teach?
Behaviorist teachers ought to arrange environmental
conditions so that students can make responses to
stimuli.
They ought to provide appropriate incentives to
reinforce positive responses and weaken or eliminate
negative ones.
LINGUISTIC PHILOSOPHY

Why Teach?
To develop the communication skills of the
learner because the ability to articulate, to
voice out the meaning and values of things that
one obtains from his/her experience in life and
the world is the very essence of man.
LINGUISTIC PHILOSOPHY

What to Teach?
Learners should be taught to communicate
clearly – how to send clear, concise messages
and how to receive and correctly understand
messages sent.
Communication takes place in 3 ways – verbal,
nonverbal, and paraverbal.
LINGUISTIC PHILOSOPHY

How to Teach?
The most effective way to teach language and
communication is the experiential way.
Teacher should make the classroom a place for the interplay
of minds and hearts.
Teacher facilitates dialogue among learners and between
him/her and his/her students because in the exchange of
words, there is also exchange of ideas.
CONSTRUCTIVISM

Why Teach?
To develop intrinsically motivated and
independent learners adequately equipped
with learning skills.
CONSTRUCTIVISM

What to Teach?
The learners taught how to learn.
Different learning processes and skills: searching, critiquing
and evaluating information, relating these pieces of
information, reflecting on the same, making meaning out of
them, drawing insights, posing questions, researching and
constructing new knowledge out of these bits of information
learned.
CONSTRUCTIVISM

How to Teach?
Constructivist teacher provides students with data or
experiences that allow them to hypothesize, predict,
manipulate objects, pose questions, research,
investigate, imagine, and invent.
The constructivist classroom is interactive.
FORMULATING YOUR PHILOSOPHY
OF EDUCATION

LESSON 2
YOU AS A TEACHER

Your philosophy of education is your “window” to

the world and “compass” in life.
Your philosophy of education is reflected in your
dealings with students, colleagues, parents and
administrators.
Your attitude towards problems and life as whole
has an underlying philosophy.
WHAT DOES A PHILOSOPHY OF
EDUCATION CONTAIN OR INCLUDE?

It includes your concept about:

the human person, the learner in particular and
the educated person.
what is true and good and therefore must be
taught.
how a learner must be taught in order to come
close to the truth.
EXAMPLE PHILOSOPHY OF A HIGH SCHOOL
TEACHER

I teach for the majority of the class, rather than

teach for handful top students. It is more effective
and productive way of teaching.
I teach with interactions between teacher and
students, and also between students themselves.
Interaction is the only tangible way of making the
class intimate, open, creative, and challenging.
THE FOUNDATIONAL PRINCIPLE OF
MORALITY AND YOU

LESSON 3
WHAT IS MORALITY?

"The quality of human acts by which we

call them right or wrong, good or evil“
(Panizo, 1964)
FOUNDATIONAL MORAL PRINCIPLE

Princeps – Latin words that means “a source

or beginning”.
A principle is, that on which something is
based, founded, originated or initiated.
FOUNDATIONAL MORAL PRINCIPLE

A foundational moral principle is, therefore,

the universal norm upon which all other
principles on the rightness or wrongness of an
action are based. It is the source of morality.
WHERE IS THE
FOUNDATIONAL MORAL PRINCIPLE?

It is contained in the natural law.

Many moralists, authors, and philosophers may
have referred to this foundation moral principle in
different terms. May be acceptable to believers
and non- believers alike to refer to it as natural
law.
WHAT IS NATURAL LAW?

“It is the law written in the hearts of men.” (Romans 2:15)

For theists, it is “man’s share in the Eternal Law of God…”
(Panizo, 1964)
St. Thomas defines it as “the light of natural reason,
whereby we discern what is good and what is evil… an
imprint on us of the divine light…” (Panizo, 1964)
It is the law that says: “Do good and avoid evil.”
FOUNDATIONAL MORAL PRINCIPLE

 All men and women, regardless of race and belief, have a sense
of this foundational moral principle. It is ingrained in man’s
nature.
 Our act is moral when it is in accordance with our human nature.
Our act is immoral when it is contrary to our human nature.
 Our intellect and free will, make us different from and above the
beast.
 We are inclined to do what we recognize is good, and avoid
that which we recognize is evil.
THE GOLDEN RULE

“Do not do to others what you do not like others to

do to you.” – Confucius
 “Do to others what you want them to do to you.”
- Golden Rule of Christianity
“Act in such a way that your maxim can be the
maxim for all.” - Immanuel Kant
RELIGIOUS VIEWS ON MORALITY

Christians
Buddhists
Islamic/Muslims
MORALITY: CHRISTIAN PERSPECTIVE

“Do to others what you want them to do

to you.”
MORALITY: CHRISTIAN PERSPECTIVE

Two Great Commandments – based from 10

Commandments and 8 Beatitudes:
“Love God with all your heart, with all your mind,
with all your strength”
“Love your neighbor as you love yourself.”
MORALITY: BUDDHIST PERSPECTIVE

“Hatred does not cease by hatred; hatred

ceases only by love.”
MORALITY: BUDDHIST PERSPECTIVE

The Buddhists state this through the eight-fold path.

For them, they do good when they:
Strive to know the truth
Resolve to resist evil
Say nothing to hurt others
Respect life, morality and property
Engage in a job that does not injure others
Strive to free their mind of evil
Control their feelings and thoughts
Practice proper forms of concentrations
MORALITY: ISLAMIC PERSPECTIVE

Based on the Islamic Quran

The Islamic Quran “forbids lying, stealing, adultery and
murder.”
It also teaches “honor for parents, kindness to slaves,
protection for the orphaned and the widowed and
charity to the poor.
It teaches the virtues of faith in God, patience, kindness,
honesty, industry, honor, courage and generosity.
It condemns mistrust, impatience and cruelty.
MORALITY: ISLAMIC PERSPECTIVE

FIVE PILLARS OF ISLAM

prayer
self-purification by fasting
fasting
almsgiving
pilgrimage to Mecca for those who can afford
TEACHER: AS A PERSON OF GOOD MORAL
CHARACTER

According to the preamble of our Code of Ethics

as professional teachers…
“Teachers are duly licensed professionals who
possess dignity and reputation with high moral
values as well as technical and professional
competence. In the practice of their profession,
they strictly adhere to, observe and practice this set
of ethical and moral principles, standard values.”
4 WAYS OF DESCRIBING GOOD MORAL
CHARACTER

 Being fully human

 Being a loving person
 Being a virtuous person
 Being a morally mature person
" Even on your worst day on the job, you
are still some children's best hope."
 THANK YOU!

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