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 Group Presentation
Go to your assigned group then
make group presentation or
simple scenario to describe the
theory about the origin of the
Universe. Present it to class after
Theories of how Universe created
 Theories of how Universe created
Group 1 – Big Bang Theory
Group 2 – Steady State Theory
Group 3 – Cosmic Inflation Theory
Group 4 – Creative Myth
Group 5- Big Crunch Theory
Group 6- Pulsating Theory
Group 7 - Theory of Eternity
 Chapter 1:
ORIGIN AND STRUCTURE OF
THE EARTH
Let’s watch how the
Universe created.
 What is
Universe ?
 The
Universe
 UNIVERSE
Universe is the largest
possible volume of
space, together with all
matter and radiation
within it, that can affect
us in any way.
Our Solar System is located in the Milky Way Galaxy,
which is one of many galaxies in the Universe.
The UNIVERSE OR COSMOS contains all galaxies, stars and
planets.
 51 galaxy has been discovered but there are an estimated
number of about 100 to 200 billion in all
 Astronomers there are at least one hundred billion galaxies
in the observable universe.
 OPTICAL TELESCOPES- used for astronomical observation
since the time of Galileo.
 ASTRONOMY
The word “Astronomy” comes
from a combination of two
Greek Words: “astron” meaning
star and “nemein” meaning to
name. SPS
 COSMOLOGY
Is the branch of science that
studies the origin, evolution
and fate of the universe.
What are the theories
behind the Origin of
the Universe ?
BIG BANG THEORY
Big Bang Theory
 Is the leading explanation about how the universe began.
 In this theory, energy and matter divided and became
distinct from each other. After the massive explosion, dust
and portion of the condensed matter and energy spread
out.
 The theory starting with a small singularity, then inflating
over the next 13.7 billion years to the cosmos that we know
today
Big Bang Theory
Universe was once very small and very
hot and expanded overtime until it
reached it peak (massive explosion)
- Single point (singularity)
Steady State Theory
It states that the universe has been present ever
since and therefore has no beginning and no end.
According to this theory, the density of matter in
the expanding universe remains unchanged due to
a continuous creation of matter.
Steady State Theory

 Universe always expand is a

constant average density
No beginning and no end
Proposed by James Jean, Hoyle,
Thomas Gold.
BIG CRUNCH THEORY
Big Crunch Theory
 States that at a certain point in time, it will stop expanding
and collapse into itself, pulling everything with it until it
eventually turns into the biggest black hole ever. Is one of
the scenarios predicted by scientists in which the universe
may end.
 If the Big bang describes how the Universe most possibly
began, the Big Crunch describes how it will end as a
consequence of the beginning.
Cosmic Inflation Theory
 Proposed by Allan Guth, Andrei Linde
 Universe comes from inflation
 Inflation – Rapid expansion of space time
 No any matter and radiation ( PE into KE to
form matter and radiation)
 Expand faster that a speed of light .
PULSATING UNIVERSE
Pulsating Universe
Itcombines both the Big bang and Big Crunch
as part of a cyclic event.
Commonly known as the oscillating or cyclic
universe theory, postulates that the universe
goes through regular cycles of expansion and
destruction.
creation myth (DCT)
 God created the universe
 The creation took 6 days.
Day 1- day and night
Day 2 – Sky
Day 3- Land and Sea’s/ Plant and Trees
Day 4- Sun, moon and stars
Day 5- Sea and Sky creatures
Day 6- Animals , Man and Woman.
ADDITIONAL
THEORIES
Intelligent
Design
Theory
Intelligent Design
Theory
States that the Universe is
created by someone
which is more powerful or
above god.
Holographic
Theory
Holographic Theory
This theory states that
the entire universe is
just a hologram.
Hologram
Three dimensional
image, created with
photographic
projection.
Theory of
Eternity
Theory of Eternity
States that Universe
was always here, and
will always be here.
 1.2 Describe the different
hypothesis explaining the
origin of the Solar System.
What is the Solar
System ?
Our Solar system consists of an average star
we call the Sun and the planets.
It includes: the satellites of the planets;
numerous comets, asteroids and meteoroids;
and the interplanetary medium.
What are the theories on
the Origin of the Solar
System ?
 Theory of Vortices
 Postulated that the space was entirely filled with matter in
various states whirling about the sun like a vortex.
 Whenever a single particle moves another particle must also
move to occupy the space where the previous particle once
was.
 This type of circular motion (vortex) would have created the
orbits of the planets about the sun with heavier objects
spinning towards the outside of the vortex and lighter
objects remaining closer to the center.
Theory of Vortices
Rene Descartes

He invented this theory in the mid

1600’s. He explained that once the
particles in the universe began to
move, the overall motion would
have been circular because there is
no void in nature.
Theory of Vortices
Nebular Theory
The theory that the thin, dim clouds of dust and
gas out in the cosmos would collapse in on
themselves under the force of gravity.
The nebular hypothesis is the most widely
accepted model in the field of cosmology to
explain the formation and evolution of the Solar
System.
Nebular Theory
Immanuel Kant
He postulated the nebular
hypothesis using Newton’s idea of
gravity. From this spinning disk,
stars and planets would form and
from this type of formation, the
rotation of earth and the other
Laplace’s Nebular Theory
It is a theory that states a slowly
rotating nebula ( a cloud of vast gas
and dust) collapsed under gravity
forming an oblate spheroid due to the
increase in it’s spin rate.
Pierre Simon
Laplace
a French mathematician,
He proposed this idea in
the year of 1700.
 Solar Nebular Disk Model
(SNDM)
 Developed by Soviet astronomer Victor Safronov. According to
this model, our star system was formed 4.568 billion years ago
when a small part of a giant molecular cloud experienced a
gravitational collapse.
 Most of the collapsing mass collected in the center forming the
Sun while the rest flattened into a protoplanetary disk, out of
which the planets, moons, asteroids, and other small solar
Solar Nebular Disk Model (SNDM)
Solar System
 We call home is located in outer spiral arm of the vast
Milky Way galaxy.
 It consists of the sun ( our star) and everything that orbits
around it.
 Includes the eight planets an their natural satellites(
such as our moon) , as well as asteroids, comets and
countless particles of smaller debris.
 How many
planets do we
have in our solar
system?
 We have 8 planets

o Mercury
o Venus
o Earth
o Mars
o Saturn
o Jupiter
o Uranus
o Neptune
MVEMJSUN
We have also 5 dwarf planets

o Ceres
o Pluto
o Eris
o Haumea
o Makemake
Dwarf Planets
o They both have enough mass and gravity to be
nearly round- unlike odd shape asteroids.
o They both travel through space in a path around
the sun.
o A dwarf planet’s path around the sun is full of
other objects like asteroids and comets.
o They do not have a clear path around the sun.
Pluto
• It is the most famous dwarf planet.
• Discovered in 1930, it was long
classified as our solar system’s ninth
planet.
• Pluto and its busy system of moons
orbits the sun in the Kuiper belt, a
region of icy debris beyond Neptune.
 Why pluto become a dwarf
planet?

Three criteria to considered a full sized planets are:

1. It is in orbit around the Sun.
2. It has sufficient mass to assume hydrostatic equilibrium ( a
nearly round shape).
3. It has “cleared the neighbourhood” around its orbit.
How many moons do we have?

Moons- also called satellites come in many shapes,

sizes and types. They are generally solid bodies and
few have atmospheres.
 Astronomomers have found at least 149 moons
orbiting planets in our solar system.
 Another24 moons are awaiting official
confirmation of their discovery.
EARTH- 1 moon
MARS- 2 moons
JUPITER- 67 moons
SATURN- 62 moons
URANUS- 27 MOONS
Neptune- 14 MOONS
Pluto (dwarf planet)- 3 moons
Eris (dwarf planet)- 1moon
Haumea (dwarf planet)- 2 moons
Why does Mercury and Venus has no moons?
 It is too close to the Sun.
 Any moon with too great a distance from
these planets would be in an unstable orbit
and be captured by the Sun.
 If they were too close to these planets they
would be destroyed by tidal gravitational
forces.
1.3 Recognize the uniqueness of
Earth being the only planet in
the solar system with properties
necessary to support life.
What is
Earth ?
Earth
Known as the world
The third planet from the sun and the only object in
the universe known to harbour life.
It is the densest planet in the Solar system and the
largest of the four terrestrial planets.
What is unique
About the Earth?
The existence of water at the Earth’s surface- neither too
much nor too little- that is in liquid form.
Proximity the sun- neither too much heat nor too
little.
The only moon and its
stabilizing effect on our
planetary rotation, which
prevents the poles from shifting
unexpectedly.
What is Unique about Earth ?
Earth has the following:

 System of plate tectonics that enables the carbon-

silicate cycle regulating temperature.
 The Right Size- Large enough to hang on to its
atmosphere, bur not so large to hold on to too much
atmosphere and consequently too much heat.
 Its protection by “big brother Jupiter,” whose gravity
helps divert and vacuum up incoming debris and keep
Earth safe.
What makes Earth Capable of
Supporting life ?
1. WATER- is an excellent solvent, capable of dissolving
many substances,70% of Earth’s surface is covered by
water.
1st – It is the only substances on Earth that is in liquid form at
the temperatures commonly found on the surface of our
planet.
2nd- It is a superb solvent, meaning that other substances
regularly and easily dissolve into it. This allows water to
carry nutrients to cells, and carry waste away from them.
2. PLATE TECTONICS – is vital for a world to
host life – a planet whose shell is broken up
into plates that constantly move around.
Plates cover the entire Earth, and their
boundaries play an important role in
geologic happenings. The movement of
these plates atop a thick, fluid “mantle” is
known as plate tectonics and is the source of
earthquakes and volcanoes.
3. ATMOSPHERE- contains 78% nitrogen,
21% oxygen and 1% argon. It blocks
some of the Sun’s dangerous rays from
reaching Earth. It traps heat, making
Earth a comfortable temperature. And
the oxygen within our atmosphere is
essential for Life.
 1.4 Explain that the Earth
consists of Four
subsystems, across whose
boundaries matter and
energy flow.
 What are the
four Major
System of Earth
?
AIR, WATER, LAND, LIFE

Each helps shape

the structure of
the planet.
What are the subsystems biological
components of the Earth System ?
The biological components of the Earth Systems are
often refered to as spheres and are subdivided into four:

 Geosphere
 Hydrosphere
 Atmosphere
 Biosphere
What is Geosphere?
Geosphere is considered that portion of the Earth
System that includes the Earth’s interiors, rocks
and minerals, landforms and the processes that
shape the Earth’s surface.
It makes up the solid portion of the Earth’s layer, its
structure and land.
Layers of the
Earth
Discontinuity/
Transitional
Boundaries
1. Conrad Discontinuity –
Transitional Boundaries
between Sial and Sima Rocks
( Boundary between oceanic
and continental crust)
2. Mohorovicic Discontinuity “Moho” –
Transitional Boundary between crust and upper
mantle.
3. Repiti Discontinuity- Transitional boundary
between upper and lower mantle.
4. Guternberg Discontinuity- Transitional boundary
between lower mantle and outer core.
5. Lehmann Discontinuity- Transitional boundary
between outer and inner core.