ELECTRICITY

By: IST
• Greek word – Elektron means amber
• New Latin – Electricus means amber-like
• Basic part of nature and it is one of our
most widely used forms of energy
• Electrons – negative Charges
• Protons – Positive charges
• Electrical charge can be generated by
friction, induction or chemical change
• Potential difference (voltage) across an
ideal conductor is proportional to the
current through it
• Electricity is measured in units of power
called watts
• James Watt invented the steam engine
• Electric charge – determines
electromagnetic interactions
• Electric Current – movement or flow of
electrically charged particles
– measured in amperes (unit of current)
– Electric current is either
• Direct Current (DC) single-direction flow
• Alternating Current (AC) repeatedly changes
direction
• Electric field – electric charge on other
charges in its vicinity
• Electrical Energy – form of energy
present in an electric field or magnetic field
• Electric potential – capacity of an electric
field to work (measured in volts)
• Electromagnetism – fundamental
interaction between magnetic field and the
presence and motion of an electric charge
• Electric power – name given to electrical
energy production and distribution
SOURCES OF ELECTRICITY
1. Biomass – all solid material of animal or
vegetable origin.
2. Geothermal – Geo means earth and thermal
means heat. Heat energy of the earth
(volcanoes)
3. Hydropower – hydro comes from Greek word
for water. Forces of moving water from rivers
or storage reservoirs (falls, dam)
4. Ocean power – Marine currents. Two-way
current: ocean tides caused by gravitational
pull of the moon and sun, One-way currents:
rivers of ocean water flowing within the ocean.
5. Solar Energy – from sun. most inexhaustible
and cleanest source of energy.
6. Wind Power – wind is a form of solar energy.
7. Coal energy – coal is among the fossil fuels
along with oil (petroleum) and natural gas
8. Nuclear energy – energy trapped inside
atoms. Electricity is generated in a nuclear
reactor by the fission of atomic nuclei
9. Natural Gas – made up mostly of methane.
Methane is combination of hydrogen and
carbon.
TYPES OF ELECTRIC CIRCUIT
a) Alternating Current (AC)
– Electric charge moves forward and
backward
– Voltage or current that changes polarity or
direction, over time
– Back and forth motion occurs between 50
and 60 times per second
– It is called the frequency and is designated
as either 50 Hertz or 60 Hertz
b) Direct Current (DC)
– movement of electric charge is only in one
direction
– voltage or current that maintains constant
polarity or direction, over time.
– Source of direct current: Chemical battery
(electronic power supply, mechanical
generator)
KINDS OF ELECTRICITY
– Static Electricity – at rest
• Buildup of electric charge
• Net presence (or imbalance) of charge on a body
– Dynamic Electricity – in motion
• Flow of electric charge
• Movement of positive and negative charge
particles
ELECTRICAL SYMBOLS
Circuit symbols – used in circuit
diagrams which show how a circuit is
connected together.
• Wires and connections
• Switches
• Output devices
• Power supplies
 TYPES OF ELECTRICAL
CIRCUIT
• Series Circuit
– One current path
• Parallel Circuit
– Two or more current path
• Series and Parallel Circuit
– Combination of series and parallel connection
in one circuit
 Series Circuit
• Current – same throughout the circuit
– Itotal = I1 = I2 = I3 ….
• Voltage – equal to the sum of individual
voltage
– Vtotal = V1 + V2 + V3 …
• Resistance – equal to the sum of
individual resistance
– Rtotal = R1 + R2 + R3 …
 Parallel Circuit
• Current – equal to the sum of individual
current
– Itotal = I1 + I2 + I3 ….
• Voltage – drop across each load is the
same
– Vtotal = V1 = V2 = V3 ….
• Resistance – product over sum
– Rtotal = (R1) (R2)
R1 + R2
• Voltage
– Force of an electrical current
– Volts ( Symbol : V or E )
• Current
– Flow of electricity
– Amperes ( Symbol : I )
• Resistance
– Determines the amount of current flows through
component
– Ohms ( Symbol : R )
• Power
– Rate of doing work
– Watts ( Symbol : P or W )
 Power

• P = E²
R
• P = I² x R
•P= I x E
 Horsepower - Kilowatt
• 1 Horsepower (Hp) = 746 watts
(w)
• 1 Horsepower (Hp) = 0.746 Kw
• 1 Kilowatt (Kw) = 1.34 Hp
• 1 Kilowatt (Kw) = 1,000 watts
PARTS OF ELECTRICAL CIRCUIT
Schematic Diagram – a
representation of the elements of a system
using abstract, graphic symbols rather
than realistic pictures.
• Load – electrical device (fixture and appliances),
that consumes electrical energy
• Path – are wire use as conductor; provides
passage for electric current from source and back
• Control – device that control or turns the circuit
on/off (switch)
• Source – provides electrical power (battery, dry
cell, generators)
OHM’s LAW in Household Electrical House
Wiring
– discovered by German physicist George Ohm (1787
– 1854)
– deals with the relationship between voltage and
current in an ideal conductor
– states that the current through a conductor
between two points is directly proportional to the
potential difference or voltage across the two
point, and inversely proportional to the resistance
between them.
• Volts E = I x R (Voltage)
• Current I = E / R (Amperes)
• Resistance R = E / I (Ohms)
PROCEDURE IN ELECTRICAL HOUSE
WIRING
– Basic Principles of Good Wiring
1. shut off the power; remove the main fuse
2. electrical wires are color coded
3. white wires are connected to other white wires
4. study the wiring diagram
5. most home wiring is complete with either No. 14
gauge or No. 12 gauge wiring. No. 14 is the
smallest wiring permitted under most codes
6. always use same size cable for continuation of
extended wring any circuit
Single pole switch – most basic on all electrical switching.
Installing new light and switch
1. determine current to know what size of cable will you use
2. run feed cable from electrical panel to switch location
3. run switch cable from the switch location to light fixture
4. install electric box
5. install light fixtures
6. make connections to switch. Splice white or neutral wires
together. Connect black wires to switch terminal. Connect
ground to switch ground terminal and box if it is metal
7. install switch into the box
8. install cover plate
9. connect feed cable in main electrical panel to proper size circuit
breaker, and ground / neutral bar
10. test your work
HOUSE WIRING
House wiring methods approved by National
Fire Protection Association include open
conductors, concealed knob and tube wiring,
surface metal raceways, armored cable,
under floor raceways, non-metallic sheathed
cable, electrical metallic tubing, cast-in-place
raceways, wire ways and house ways.

Wooden Raceways Method – made of dry

and quality wood and usually consists of backing
and capping
 The Philippine Electrical code requires the
surface wooden raceways may be used in
exposed dry locations, and where the
maximum potential difference between
conductors does not exceed 300 volts. It shall
not be use in the ff;
1. for concealed wiring
2. where it may be subjected to mechanical injury
3. in hoist ways
4. in elevator shaft
5. in hazardous location
• Wooden raceways are terminated by boxes,
switches and other fittings, shall be provided
with a W-cut to accommodate the mica tubing
inserted over the conductors.
ELECTRONICS
• Electronics – Flow of charge through non-metal
conductors
• Electronic components – any physical entity
whose intention is to affect the electrons
• Electrical circuit – network that has closed
loop, giving a return path for current
• Network – connection of two or more
components, may not necessarily be a circuit
• Conductors – metals and other substances
where electrons can move freely
• Insulators – substances where electrons cannot
move freely
• Transformer – an electronic devised used
in producing desired voltage
• Inductors – choke or coil in circuit that
oppose changes in electric current
• Semiconductors – group that are neither
good conductors nor good insulators
• Resistance – measure of the difficulty to
pass an electric current through that
conductor
• Conductance – electric current flows
through a substance
BASIC ELECTRONIC TOOLS
1. electric drill and drill bits – 1/8 inch to ½ inch. Used to
drill holes on the printed circuit board that has been
etched.
2. soldering iron – used for soldering of thorough hole
components.
3. disordering pump - removes liquid in solder
4. vacuum pick up tool – pick and place head for
transferring die or chips
5. soldering stand – keeps iron away from flammable
materials
6. helping hand tool – crucial tool in doing successful
electronics work
7. wire stripper – used to strip off wire insulator from its
conductor
8. long nose pliers – hold components that have short
leads
9. side cutting pliers – cut wires into shorter length
before being used; trim off excess component leads
10. small tweezers – hold small components
11. allen wrench set – used to screw and unscrew Allen
type of crews
12. Philips head screwdrivers
13. flat head screwdrivers
14. hammer – used in assembling projects that involved
casing
15. socket wrench – include nut drivers, hex drivers and
starters in assorted sizes
16. pocket knife – for cutting PCB, wires or remove some
copper from the printed circuit board
MAINTENANCE TIPS OF ELECTRONIC
TOOL
– ensure tools are used only for their intended
purposes
– keep it lubricated with light firm of oil to inhibit
rust
– keep tools clean and sharp
– ensure proper uses of tools are always
adhered to by following instructions
ELECTRONIC COMPONENTS
– basic electronic element usually packaged in
a discrete form with two or more connecting
leads or metallic pads
– connected thru soldering to printed circuit
board
Capacitors
– Passive electronic component
– Consist of two pieces of conducting material (such as
metal) separated by a non-conducting (insulating)
material called dielectric
– Invented by Ewald Georg von Kleist (October 1745)
– When a (voltage) potential difference exist between
the conductors, an electric field is present in
dielectric. This field stores energy and produces a
mechanical force between the plates. The effect is
greatest between wide, flat, parallel, narrowly
separated conductors.
Types of Capacitor
– Electrolytic Capacitor (Electrochemical type
capacitor)
– Tantalum Capacitor
– Ceramic Capacitor
– Polystyrene Film Capacitor
– Mica Capacitor
– Metalized Capacitor
– Variable Capacitor
– Trimmer Capacitor
Diode
– Device which conducts electricity in only
one direction
– Also known as rectifier
– Used to change alternating currents into
direct currents
Types of Diode
– Light emitting diode (LED)
– Avalanche diode
– Laser diode
– Schottky diode
– Zener diode
– Photodiode
– Varicap diode or Varactor diode or Rectifier
diode
Transistor
– Commonly used to amplify or switch
electronic signals
– It is fundamental building block of electronic
devices
– Used in radio, telephone, computer and other
electronic system
– William Shockley – father of transistor
Resistors
– Two terminal electronic component designed
to oppose and electric current by producing
voltage drop between its terminal
– Simplest components in any circuit
– Restrict the flow of electrons and reduce the
current or voltage flowing by converting
electrical energy into heat
Types of Resistor
– Variable Resistor (Potentiometer)
– Variable Resistor (Preset)
– Carbon Composition Resistor
– Film or Cermet Resistor
– Wire – Wound Resistor
– Metal oxide film Resistor
– Vitreous enamel Resistor
– Cement Resistor
– Semiconductors Resistor
Resistor Color Coding
Types of Circuit Board
1. Broadband
• Temporary, no soldering required
• For testing purposes
• Easy to change connections and replace components
2. Strip board
• Permanent, soldered
• Has parallel strips of copper track on one side
• Can be cut with a junior hacksaw
3. Printed circuit board
• Permanent, soldered
• Have copper tracks connecting the holes where the
components are placed
ELECTRONIC SCHEMATIC DIAGRAM
• Electronic Symbols
– Resistor
– Capacitors
– Diodes
– Transistor
– Audio and Radio Devices
– Meters and Oscilloscope
– Sensors (input device)
– Logic gates
BASIC ELECTRONIC CIRCUIT TROUBLE IN
APPLIANCES
– Broken wiring inside cord set
• most common problems with vacuum cleaners
• internal breaks in the conductors of cord sets caused by flexing,
pulling or other long abuse
– Bad internal connections
• broken wires, corroded or loosened terminals
• operation will be intermittent or erratic – or parts of appliances will
not function
– Short circuits
• two wires touching or contacting the metal case of an appliance
happens too often
• due to repeated vibrations, heating and cooling cycles
– Worn, dirty or broken switches or thermostat contacts
• will result in erratic or no action when switch is flipped or
thermostat knob is turned
– Gummed up lubrication, or worn or dry bearings
• due to environmental condition (dust, dirt, humidity) or poor
quality control during manufacture
– Broken or worn drive belts or gears
• rotating parts do not rotate or turn slowly
– Broken parts
• caused by normal wear and tar, improper use, accidents or
shoddy manufacturing
– Insect damage
• frayed insulation, short circuits caused by bodily fluids or
entire bodies, remains of food and droppings.
• Electronics deals with how electrons
move to create electricity and how
that electric signal is carried
in electric products
• Electronics depend on certain highly
specialized components, such as
transistors and integrated circuits, which
are part of almost
every electronic product.
BLESSING NOTES
• 2 voltage connected in Parallel and
reconnected in series gives less light
• Circuit breaker – device automatically
breaks due to overload
• Facilitate pulling – pull box
• Electrical metallic tubing – resistant
coating for protection of wires
• Junction box – termination and
connection
• Breaker switch – for electric shock
• Symbols – schematic diagram
• Wiring – physical appearance
• Block diagram – linear appearance
• Load – convert electrical energy into other
form of energy
• Circuit – whole path
• Source – AC or DC
• Control – on/off; switch
• Measure resistance, ohmmeter
• Measure current, ammeter
• Measure voltage, AC voltmeter / DC
voltmeter
• Measure voltage, resistance, current –
multitester or multimeter
• Electrical pliers – cutting/holding
• Soldering iron – joing (circuit board)
• Fuse puller, for pulling cartridge
• Mini drill – boring holes
• Screwdriver – driving
• Desoldering pump – removing solder iron
• Silicon diode – rectifier
• Crystal diode – detector, signal
• Light emitting diode (LED) – lighting
• Zener diode – regulator
• Rectifier diode – convert AC to DC
• NPN base – positive; outward
• PNP base – negative; inward
• Fusion – joining hydrogen atoms
• Tension – surface
• Fission – splitting
• Friction – rubbing
• Weatherproof socket – outdoor / wet
location
• Location plan, not included in electrical
plans for residential house
• Surface type – beyond wall surface
• Flush type – within the wall
• Generator – mechanical
• Battery – chemical
• Transformer – magnetism
• Heat to electric energy – thermocouple
• 1st and 2nd band – significant digits
• Multiplier – 3rd band
• Tolerance – 4th band
• Anode, positive
• Cathode, negative
• AM, 530 KHz – 1600 Khz
• FM, 88 Mhz – 108 Mhz
• Oscillator – produce high frequency
• Soldering flux – acid used to clean
metals
• 14 AWG light fixtures and circuit
• 12 AWG convenience outlet
• 8 AWG cable for service entrance
• SI standard of 14 AWG is 2.0 mm
• Electrical metallic tubing – raising to
either higher or lower level
• Series connected drycell – increase
amount of voltage
• Resistor – oppose, resist, limit
• Diode – one direction, convert AC to DC
• Insulator – no electron moving
• Capacitor – storage of charge
• Sine wave – rise and fall of AC and
voltage
• Open resistor – infinite (no deflection)
• Erratic sound – defective volume control
• Worn out amplifier – audio frequency
signal
• Broken antenna – main signal
• Blasted tuner – radio station
• Tuning capacitor – tuned to different
station
• Resistor – non polarize
• Transistor, Diode, Capacitor (polarize, + - )
• Emitter, electrode with an arrow
• Self bias, base connected to collector
• Copper – commonly used, cheapest
• Silver – best conductor
• Aluminum – better conductivity than
copper
• Busbar – for connecting high voltage
• Western union – housing installation
• Photoelectricity – emmission of light
• Source – supplier of electricity (battery,
dry cell, generator)
• Load – electrical devices
• Control – switch on/off
• Path – circuit, wires
• Electrical pressure – volts
• Solid conductor – electrons free to move
• Bigger wire less resistance
• Bend copper without kinking, expose
copper to heat
• NPN silicon base bias voltage – 0.6 volt
• Stored – memory
• Encoder – phase distortion
• Voltage divider – operating point is
almost stable
• Difference in potential – voltage drop
• DC – series
• AC – parallel
• Binary processor – single integrated
circuit
• Cannot be recharged – primary battery
• Wire stripper, to cut insulation
• Solder – Tin and Lead
• Forward Biased – ON Switch
• Reversed Biased – OFF Switch
• Yellow-Violet-Black-Gold, 47 ohms, 5%
• Two plates capacitor, Dielectric
• Ferric chloride, chemical used in etching
copper
• Voltage in capacitor – working voltage
• Aluminum, metal used as heat sink
Computation XD
• What is the voltage required by an
automatic pressure cooker having a
resistance of 30 ohms when the current
flowing is 8 amperes ?

E=IxR
= 30 x 80
= 240 Volts
• What amount of current does a 40-watt
fluorescent lamp draw from a 220 volts
power source ?

P = I x E (given is P and E)
I=P/E
= 40 / 220
= 0.18 A
• Two resistances of 4 ohm and 6 ohm are in
series and another 10 ohm resistance in
parallel to the series combination. The
resultant resistance is?
Series
Rt = 4 + 6 = 10 ohms
Parallel
Rt = 10 x 10 / 10 + 10
= 100 / 20
= 5 ohms
Note: Kung nauna niyang banggitin ang parallel, yun din ang
uunahin mong formula then after that tsaka ka mag series 
• Two resistors of 3 ohm and 15 ohm are
connected in parallel to a 30 volts circuit.
The current flowing through the 3 ohm
resistor is?

I=E/R
= 30 V / 3 R
= 10 A
• Two resistors of 6 ohm and 9 ohm are
connected in a series to a 120 volt source.
What is the power consumed by the 6 ohm
resistor?

P = E² / R
= 120(120) / 6
= 14400 / 6
= 2400 watts
• In a series circuit with 4 ohm, 16 ohm, and
8 ohm resistors connected in 7V source,
what is the current flowing in the 4 ohm
resistor ?
I=E/R
= 7V / 4R
= 1.75 A
• If 12 volts are applied to a certain lamp
whose filament has a resistance of 3
ohms, the current flow through the lamp
filament will be?
I=E/R
= 12V / 3R
=4A
• Resistance of 230 V lamp is 300 ohms.
What current is required?
I=E/R
= 230 / 300
= 0.7666… or 0.77 A
• Electric heater uses 20Kw-hr in 8 hrs. if
voltage across the heater is 240 volts,
what is the resistance
P = E² / R
R = E² / P
Note* convert Kw into watts first, remember that the unit of Power
is watts
20 kw x 1000 w = 20,000 watts
= 240(240) / 20,000
= 57,600 / 20,000
= 2.88 x 8 hrs
= 23.04 ohms
• Toaster takes 10A from 120V line. The
power used is?

P=IxE
= 10 x 120
= 1200 w

*if Kw ang hinahanap, divide the total

watts in 1000 to get the value in kw
• How many kilowatts is the water heater if it
draws a current of 10 amperes and has a
resistance of 23 ohms?
P = I² x R
= 10(10) x 23
= 100 x 23
= 2300 / 1000 (to convert in Kw)
= 2.3 Kw
• How many kilowatts does a certain
appliance consume for 5 hrs of use, if it
has a power rating of 1.5 Hp?

1 Hp = 0.746 Kw
= 1.5 x 0.746
= 1.119 x 5 hrs
= 5.595 or 5.6 Kw
• Find the cost using a 100W, 220V lamp for
20 hrs at Php 3.00 per Kw-hr.

= 100 W x 20 hours
= 2000 W / 1000 (to convert into Kw)
= 2 Kw
= 2 Kw x Php 3.00
= Php 6.00
• What is the horsepower rating of an
electric water pump if it ha a power rating
of 1.75 Kw?

1 Kw = 1.34 Hp
= 1.75 x 1.34
= 2.345 or 2.3 Hp
• A 200-v lamp has a resistance of 400
ohms. The power rating in watts of lamp is
?

P = E² / R
= 200(200) / 400
= 40000 / 400
= 100 watts
• What is the resistance of a 100 w, 110-v
incandescent lamp ?

R = E² / P
= 110(110) / 100
= 12100 / 100
= 121 ohms
• A fluorescent lamp unit connected to a
110v AC line takes 1.2A and requires 110w
power. What is its power factor ?

P=IxE
= 1.2A x 110V
= 132 w
Power factor
= 110w / 132w
= 0.83333… or 0.833
• The resistance of a 230v incandescent
lamp is 300 ohms. What current is
required to operate the lamp?

I=E/R
= 230 / 300
= 0.7666… or 0.77 A
• A group of lamps operates a current of 12 A and
a voltage of 120v. What is the total power of the
lamps?

P=IxE
= 12 x 120
= 1440 watts

If kilowatts
= 1440 / 1000
= 1.44 Kw
• A cell supplies a load current of 0.5A for a
period of 20 hours until its terminal voltage
falls to an unacceptable level. How long
can it be expected to supply a current of
100mA?

1 A = 1000mA
0.5 A x 1000 mA = 500 mA
= 500 mA / 100 mA
= 5 x 20 hrs
= 100 hrs
• A battery is rated 200Ah. If it is used to
supply a constant current of 8Ah. How
long can the battery last until it becomes
unusable?

= 200Ah / 8Ah
= 25 hours
• The resistance of 500 meters of a certain
wire is 125 ohms. What length of the same
wire will have a resistance of 60 ohms ?

= 500 meters / 125 ohms

= 4 ohms per meter

= 60 ohms x 4 ohms per meter

= 240 meters
 GOD BLESS YOU!

Pray ka lang  naniniwala ko na

papasa ka!