STRUCTURES HYDROLOGY Hydrology is the science of water, of the earth and atmosphere. It deals with: • Occurrence • Circulation • Distribution and • Movements of these waters over the globe MAJOR ASPECTS OF HYDROLOGY The main jobs of a hydrologist are: • C - Collection of data • A - Analysis of data • P - Prediction MAJOR ASPECTS OF HYDROLOGY Collection of data The hydrologic data comprises: • Rainfall Data • Snowfall and Snowmelt Data • (Runoff Data Catchment and Stream Flows) • Topographic Maps Satellite, Imageries • Groundwater Data MAJOR ASPECTS OF HYDROLOGY Analysis of data Analysis of hydrologic data includes: • Checking the data for - Consistency and - Homogeneity • Finding of various statistical parameters MAJOR ASPECTS OF HYDROLOGY Prediction Prediction means finding design values and maximum possible floods and droughts. Various approaches for prediction of hydrologic values are: a. Statistical Approach b. Physical Approach c. Deterministic Approach Hydrologic Cycle Need for the Hydrologic Studies The need of the hydrologic studies arises mainly from the following hydrologic problems: a. Uncertainty of precipitation and its seasonal occurrence b. Seasonal flow of rivers c. Population growth and rising standards of living, and d. Environmental impacts of development projects Importance of Hydrology in Civil Engineering • It has an important role in design and operation of water resources engineering projects like These Civil – Irrigation Engineering projects – Flood control may fail due to – Water supply schemes improper – Hydropower projects Assessment of – Navigation Hydrologic Aspect Importance of Hydrology in Civil Engineering • Hydrology is more significant these days because we plan ahead of time to deal with extremes (scarcity of water leading to droughts, and overflowing of water bodies leading to floods). Another significant area of research is looking into impacts of climate change in the hydrologic components in an area or watershed. It is important to study hydrology at any given point of time, and constantly hydrologists are working round the globe to provide accurate models, predictions and impact assessments. Importance of Hydrology in Civil Engineering • Hydraulic structures which are part of very important civil engineering projects and cost billions, may fail due to improper hydrologic design. For example, a dam may fail due to inadequate spillway capacity. There may be reservoir operational problems due to lack of hydrologic data like probable inflows, evaporation and seepage. Importance of Hydrology in Civil Engineering • There might be failure of a bridge or a culvert if its maximum design flood is not estimated properly. Construction of a dam may cause problem for bridges upstream and downstream if proper hydrologic studies regarding floods and erosion downstream are not estimated and taken into account in design. Groundwater studies are important for installation of tube wells and irrigation projects. These are just a few examples which show the importance of hydrologic studies for civil engineering projects. HYDRAULIC STRUCTURES A hydraulic structure is a structure submerged or partially submerged in any body of water, which disrupts the natural flow of water. They can be used to divert, disrupt or completely stop the flow. A hydraulic structure can be built in rivers, a sea, or any body of water where there is a need for a change in the natural flow of water. Example of hydraulic structures: 1. Canals or drainage (lined and unlined), canal falls (Drops), regulators, outlets 2. Head-works: Weirs, Barrages 3. Cross drainage works (aqueduct, siphon) 4. Culverts, Bridges and Causeway 5. Dams, spillways, outlet works 6. Stilling basin, energy dissipaters 7. Breakwater, jetties, groins, headlands etc. IMPORTANCE OF HYDRAULIC STRUCTURES • Hydraulic structures are built to make life easier, pleasant and secure. The building of these structures not been easy especially when civil engineering was not modernized. However great achievements have been made in the sector. Through these structures, people are now able to leave more comfortable lives. • Some of the notable importance of this sector include the availability of a proper drainage system. Through a good drainage system, people can get away with different water-borne diseases. Besides, water can be treated and therefore people consume clean water. With clean water, people can live healthy lives. IMPORTANCE OF HYDRAULIC STRUCTURES • Water drives the economy and therefore having a good hydraulic structure can help in the growth of an economy. This is because even in dry areas people can do farming through irrigation. You must know that the world runs through farming activities and therefore with proper irrigation food problem can be solved. • Lastly through hydraulic structures electricity can be generated. Most of the power consumed in the world at the moment is hydro-electric power meaning that hydraulic structures are required during the production process. Electricity is very important, and many sectors cannot run without power. Therefore through hydraulic structures, the world has been made a better place to live. HYDROLOGY HYDRAULICS • Determination of • Design of spillway to magnitude of pass the discharge discharge from a • Storage reservoir requirement of a • Required draft during reservoir for water dry and wet season supply or irrigation • Effect of rainfall on • Design of channels magnitude of flow in according to channels and streams magnitude of flows • Flood forecasting and • Design of hydraulic effect of reservoir on structures downstream flood flows