Isaac Newton’s

Universal law of
Gravitation
NEWTON’S LAW OF MOTION
 Newton work in many areas of
mathematics and physics. He developed
the theories of gravitation I n 1666, when
he was only 23 years old. Some 20 yrs., in
1886, he presented his three laws of
motion in the “Principia Mathematics
Philosophiae Naturalist”
Newton’s First law of Motion
 Law of Inertia- states that if the forces acting
upon an object are balanced, then the body
at rest remains or a body in motion continues
in uniform motion unless acted upon by an
unbalanced force. Objects at equilibrium (the
condition in which all forces are balanced)
will not accelerate.
 FRICTION- is a force acting in the opposite
direction of motion when to objects come
into contact with each other.
Newton second law of motion
Law of Acceleration states as- “The
acceleration (a) of an object as produced
by the net force is directly proportional to
the magnitude of the net force (Fnet)n
which is in the same direction as the net
force, and inversely proportional to the
mass of the object.”
the equation can be arranged as:
a=Fnet/m or Fnet= m· a
Concept of Balanced and
Unbalanced
 Balanced force- no  Unbalanced force-
result force with resultant force
(Newton’s 1st law of (Newton’s 2nd law of
Motion) cause an motion) can cause
object: an object:
 To remain stationary  To move in the
 To continue to move direction of the
in the same direction larger force exerted.
at the same speed.  To accelerate in the
 To possibly change direction of the force
shape causing it.
Newton’s third law of Motion
 ACTION and REACTION- it’s states as “For every
action, there is an equal and opposite reaction.”
 The statements means that:
a) In every interaction, there is a pair of forces acting
on the two interacting objects.
b) The magnitude of the forces on the first object is
equals the magnitude of the force on the second
object
c) The direction of the force on the first object is
opposite to the direction of the force on the
second object.
d) Forced always come in pairs- equal and opposite
action-reaction force pairs.
GRAVITY
 It’s a force of attraction that exist between any
two objects that have mass. The more mass they
have the greater force of attraction. The closer
they are, the greater the force they are.
 WEIGHT is a measure of the Earth’s pull on objects.
 G is the universal gravitational constant. It is
basically the conversion factor to adjust the
number units so they came out to the correct
value.
G =6.7x10ˉ¹¹ Nm²/kg²
Understanding Mass,
Momentum, and Energy
Conservation
 MASS- in science, mass is the amount of matter an object
has. Mass will always be a fixed quantity. Mass is not the
same thing as weight. The standard measurement used for
the fixed quantity is always kilograms. The kilogram is an
internationally recognized measurement as mass.
 ENERGY
Three most common encountered:
1. First energy can be locked away in an object’s mass; this
can be called mass energy and also called “rest –
energy”.
2. Motion energy whose technical name is “kinetic energy”
(K.E=1/2mv²)
3. Most confusing, energy can be stored in the relationships
among the objects and typically called “potential
energy”(P.E=mgh).
 MOMENTUM- Descartes invented the concepts of
“momentum”, meaning “amount of motion”, and
stated that for a moving body the momentum was just
the product of the mass of the body and its speed.
 Momentum=mass x velocity
 P=mv
 CONSERVATION LAW- is also called law of conservation.
In physics several principles state that certain physical
properties (i.e., measurable quantities) do not change in
the course in time within an isolated physical system.
 CONSERVATION OF ENERGY- that the total amount of
mass and energy in the universe is constant.
CONSERVATION OF
MOMENTUM
 “For a collision occurring between object 1 and
object 2 in an isolated system, the total momentum
of the two objects before the collision is equal to the
momentum of the two objects after the collision. That
is, the momentum lost by object 1 is gained by
object 2.”
 F₁=-F₂ (the forces are equal in magnitude and
opposite in direction)
 T₁=T₂
 F₁●t₁= -F₂●T₂ (the impulses are equal in
magnitude and opposite in direction).
 m₁●∆v₁=-m₂●v₂ (the momentum changes are
equal in magnitude and opposite in direction)