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Chapter 8
DNA Fingerprinting and Forensic
Analysis
• Specimen Collection
– Search for sources of DNA
– Collection requires scrupulous attention to detail
• Wear disposable gloves; change them frequently
• Use disposable instruments
• Avoid talking, sneezing, and coughing
• Avoid touching any item that might contain DNA
(face, nose, or mouth)
• Air-dry evidence before packaging; mold can
contaminate a sample
• Enemies of Evidence
– Sunlight and high temperature
– Bacteria
– Moisture
• DNA fingerprinting is a comparative process
– Samples from crime scene must be compared to suspect
DNA
– Best sample from suspect DNA is fresh, whole blood
• Extraction of DNA
– DNA can be purified
• Chemically (using detergents)
• Mechanically (pressure to force DNA out of cell)
• RFLP Analysis
– Treat DNA with restriction enzyme
• Restriction enzyme cuts DNA at restriction sites
• Use several restriction enzymes in sequence or combined
– Use agarose gel electrophoresis to separate the pieces
– Gel is chemically treated or heated to denature the DNA
• Allows the binding of a single-stranded probe
– STR Analysis
• Use primers to amplify STR’s in DNA using PCR
• FBI uses 13 STR regions
– Odds that two individuals will have the same 13-loci
DNA profile are more than one in a billion
• Simpson/Goldman murders
– Collected 45 samples for DNA analysis, including known blood
samples from the two victims and the suspect; blood drops
found at the crime scene, in the suspect’s home, and in his car
– Pre-trial hearings announced that the DNA collected at the
crime scene matched that of O.J. Simpson
– Defense lawyers attacked the procedures used in collecting,
labeling, and testing the evidence
– Possibility that evidence was tainted became obvious
– DNA evidence not effective
• Ginseng
– $3 million market in U.S. alone
– Two major herbal products are referred to as ginseng
• One native to North America, the other native to Asia
• Asian ginseng boosts energy; American ginseng calms
nerves
• American variety is rarer and more valuable
• Ancestry of Cabernet Sauvignon Grapes
– Hybrid grapes are considered inferior and are legally excluded
from bearing the prestigious dinstinction appellation d’origine
contrôlée in France
– DNA evidence determined that the ancestors of cabernet
sauvignon grapes are cabernet franc and sauvignon blanc
Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc.
8.7 Nonhuman DNA Analysis