Ethiopia

Overview of Protected Area

Management, Challenges and Cope up
Strategies in Amhara Region

Gonder University June,2o19

Abraham Marye Desse (MED in Biology)
ANRS EFWPDA
Wildlife Development and Protection Directorate Director
Lecturer in Bahir Dar University
Phone 0918709457 and E-mail abrahammarye@gmail.com
 Introduction
Bio snd Geodiversity in Ethiopia
Ethiopia in the horn of Africa rich in biodiversity,
hotspots (Eastern and Afromontane), Abyssinian
gene center (IBDC 2009 and IBDC 2005) and
Cradle of mankind.
Those diversity emanated from
Geologic and climatic dynamics
-successive land forms in different epoch
- scenic up and down topography
-hot with active volcano to cold above timberline
Biogeography features
-arid and semi arid adaptive species
-mosaic and endemic Afro tropical highland
Results
- rich in distinctive diverse flora and fauna
-contrasting land from the hottest to coldest
(Dankil to Ras Dejen)
 Biodiversity in Ethiopia
Wild animal group No. of Endemic Threate
Species species ned
Mammals 320 36 40
Birds 918 19 21
Reptiles 240 16 1
Amphibians 71 30 ­
Arthropods 1,225 7 ­
Fishes 188 41 ­

Animal Total 2898 147 62

Vascular plants 6000­7000 625 163
Near endemic 669
Medicinal plants ≈1000
Wild edible food ≈413
Protected area 16.4% Source EWCA, 2015 and
Young, J. 2012
 Natural forest cover and wildlife habitats status
Amid genetic plenty and natural
habitats and PAs forest and
wildlife species extremely
declined
- 40% in 1950s to about 3% since
1980s
-wildlife and PAs exposed to
exacerbated loss
Due to human induced pressures
less awareness, extractive
uses, encroachment
weakness in implementation of
policies and regulations in PAs
(Mengistu Wale1, et al.) 2017).
 Efforts in Wildlife PAs Development
In Ethiopia PAs establishment
and wildlife tourism is
increasing (Bruche, S et al 2012).
National Parks from 10 in
2005 to 27 besides 47 in other
protected area categories in
2018.
Protected area visitors that
were not more than 10
thousand in 2005 increased to
about 70 thousand in 2018.
However, PAs still subjected
to various challenges existing
with far below provision of
expected benefits
 Objectives
-overview of wildlife
resources
-PAs development and
management status
-PAs management
discrepancies
-Challenges and threats
on PAS
-cope up strategies and
stakeholders role
-PA management
intervention and
partnership
 Materials and Methods

PAs Basic data wildlife potentials,

establishment, distributions, values and
key threats
Discussion, reports and literatures.
observation Photo camera, cover
estimates.
WWF, (MEET) and IUCN ME scoring
system
Overview: PA values, management,
challenges , efforts
Natural Vegetation, Wildlife and Protected areas in the Amhara Region

The ANRS comprises about 15,917,400 ha

(CSA, 2010). According UNEP, 2008, the
region covered with.
High forest Canopy tree 1.69% (92,744ha)
Wooded land 18.96% (1,040, 064ha)
Shrub and grasslands 79.35% (4,352,672ha)
The ANRS shares 22% (2% of high forest, 4%
of woodland and 16% of shrub and
grasslands) natural forest of Ethiopia.
 Amhara Region is home to about 150
large, small and flaying mammals (45%),
Endemic large mammalian 5 (62.5%) Small
mammals 10 (34.8%).
Avian species in the region are 705 (81%) of
which 12 (70%) are endemic species (Young, J.
2012).
Also comprise divers historic, culture and
religious heritages and associated with
Protected by Historic Protection Culture
 Tedebabemariyam Rich in Orginal Artifact
Heritages Amhara Saynt West Wollo built in
1906 by Ras Ali
Security Signage Flag using different colors Of Ale
Amba Saturday and Wedensday Marketeplace
North Shewa East of Gorebela Capital of Ankobe

Historic cultur sustainability

Agricultural Diversity in Ethiopia
 Water source and climate of the ANRS
The region has
 3 river and 1 lake basins
 58 year round flowing rivers
 5 natural and 1 manmade lakes
 three biome
 Altitude from 500 to 4543masl
 The climate 73% (greater than 1500
masl)
 lowlands 27% (less than 1500 masl)
These areas have been known in
raring majority of indigenous and
endemic flora and fauna species of
Ethiopia (BoFED, 2008 and Abraham M.
2009)
 Wildlife Protected area /ጥብቅ ስፍራ/

Wildlife Protected Area or PA is clearly defined

geographical space, recognized, dedicated and managed,
through legal or other effective means, to achieve the
long-term conservation of nature with associated
ecosystem services and cultural values (IUCN 1994).

የዱር እንስሳት ጥበቃ ስፍራ /ጥብቅ ስፍራ/ የተለየና የታወቀ

መልዕካምድራዊ ቦታ፤ እንዲጠበቅ እዉቅና ያገኘ፤ በስርዓተ
አያያዝ ህግ ወይም ዉጤታማ በሆነ መንገድ የሚተዳደር፤
የረዥም ጊዜ የተፈጥሮ ሀብትና ተያያዥ ስርአተምህዳር
አገልግሎቶችንና ባህላዊ ጥቅሞች ጥበቃና፤ ልማት
የሚረጋጋጥበት ነዉ፡፡
 IUCN Protected area (PA)Categories
IUCN delineated PA in six categories as of 1994
Category I. Ia Strict nature reserve
Ib Wilderness area
Category II. National park
Category III. Natural monument or feature
Category IV. Habitat/species management area
Category V . Protected landscape or seascape
Category VI. Protected areas with sustainable use
of natural resources:
Others PA categories IUCN Transboundary PA & not
included in IUCN PAs are RAMSAR convention sites
on wetland & UNESCO Man & Biosphere reserve.
 Indispensability and Management of wildlife PAs

IUCN urges states, government agencies and regions to have

PAs because
80% of the world’s threatened species owe their poor status
due to widespread habitat loss.
Imminent biodiversity crises are emanated from fall to
strategic coverage expansion of PAs worldwide
PAs maintain vital ecosystem services, provision and support
that people everywhere rely upon
Currently PAs are a source of clean waters for 33 out of 105 the
world’s largest cities.
Developing countries depend greatly on tourism revenue from
PAs.
PAs creates many job opportunities and considered as engines
of local development (Ervin, J., et al. 2010).
 Protected area (PAs) of Ethiopia

Ethiopia’s PA management PAs in Amhara Region

categories: are
1. National park
1. National park
2. Sanctuary
2. Biosphere reserve and
3. Wildlife reserve 3. Community
4. Controlled hunting conservation areas
areas
5. Biosphere reserve and
6. Community
conservation areas
Others: Ramsar Sites, Transboundry Pas, Priority forest
reserve, Important bird Areas, Sacred places, Military
camps and Monasteries, cultural landscapes etc
 Conservation and management in National Parks (NP) PAs

Conservation targets of National Parks (What)

Rare, endemic and endangered species:
Ecological Processes and hydrological system

Management objectives of National parks (How)

Protect rare, endemic and endangered species
Maintain ecological processes, hydrological systems and
scenic beauty
Sustain scientific research and ecotourism
Regulate benefits for government, investors & the
community and traditional cultures
 Conservation and management in Community Conservation Areas (CCA) PAs

Conservation targets of CCA and riverine landscape

Biological diversity, endangered site and species:
Ecological integrity, conservation and utilization culture of the
community

Management Objectives of CCA and riverine landscape

Protect rare, Biological diversity, endangered site and species
Rehabilitate ecological integrity, maintain conservation &
utilization culture
Sustain scientific research and ecotourism
Sustain conservation culture, ecological services and
ecotourism benefits for the community supporters and
external service providers
 Wildlife PAs Establishment and Management Process in Amhara Region

Establishment and management of

wildlife PAs by /IUCN/ adapted to the Ethiopia has National
situation of respective countries
successively using wildlife regulation.
wildlife laws
Wildlife Policy and Strategy 2007
Assessment
Wildlife Conservation Proclamation
PAs categorization
541/2000
Demarcation Wildlife Authority Establishment
Legalization 575/2000 and
Human resource development Wildlife management regulations
Materials infrastructure (163/2009 )
Field equipment Guidelines (Monitoring)
Partnership International Conventions (BDC, CITES,
Biodiversity culture conservation etc)
Law enforcement
Wildlife tourism All are prerequisite for effective establishment and
Benefit generation management with require financial, human and facilities
Monitoring of PAs.
 PAs Established in Amhara Region
 Legally PAs in Amhara Region are also
expanding from one in 2005 to 6 National Park,
5 Community Conservation Areas, 1 biosphere
reserve and 1 City Park in 2019 PAs.
PAs cover 496,139 ha in 12 PAs which 11 (92%)
established in the last 12 years.
Similarly, with rough estimation wildlife PAs
coverage increased from 0.001% in 2005 to 3.08%
portion of the region in 2018
 Application of PA Management
Establishment of comprehensive effectively managed and
financially secured PA is not only for conserving biodiversity,
but for securing ecological process, ecosystem goods and
services and benefits for affected paraties

PAs are also means for regulated and equitable land and
natural resource use enabling climate change adaptation and
mitigation, reducing resource use conflict and ensure
community wellbeing and helping countries achieve
development goals. (Abraham, 2009, Daregot et al., 2009 and Ervin, J., et al.
2010)

The Work on PAs is respective institution initiatives came

into force on the world’s PAs have increased by nearly 60 %
in both numbers and total area.
 Benefits of PAs Management
Conservation, development and law enforcement and
enhancement of wildlife tourism and associated infrastructure
development are far below expected. Due to influences from
international and national tourist flow visitors in wildlife PAs of
Ethiopia increased.
SMNP and NSNP amide weak tourism infrastructure visited by
about 65 thousand per year generating about 10 million ETH Birr
for government from entrance fee a minimum of 150 million for
the communities. Beyond transport and tour operators income.
The job opportunities about 1200 employees in NSNP and
about 7500 individuals SMNP.
Moreover, wildlife filming, research and control hunting areas
is also generating more than this besides ecosystem services,
,supporting and provision values.
 Basic Data on Legally Established Wildlife PAs in Amhara
Region Administered By EWCA
N Name of Distinct wildlife Located Year of Area in Biome Ecosystems and Proclamat
o Wildlife Protected Areas Adminis Establi hector major Cover estimation in ion
Protecte Conservation targets trative shment vegetation % Number
d Area Zone E.C

1 Simien Endemic Walia ibex, North 1961 41,200 Afro Afro alpine 57.38% 337/2006
Mountain Gelada Monkey, Gondar tropical
s Ethiopian Wolf, etc Highland Sub Afro Alpine
National Scenic landscape, 26.07%
park Fastuca, Lobelia Montane forest
Moorland and Ericaceous 17.39%
woodland Savannah vegetation
0.06%
2 Aletash Lion, Greater Kudu, West 1998 266,670 Sudan– Comberetume 333/2006
National Elephant, Complex Gondar Guinea Terminalia
Park wooded grassland, Savanna Woodedland 65%
Scattered hills,
Shrub and Scrubl
Oxytenanthera
Ecosystems 20%
abyssinica, Combretem
Terminalia Woodland Riverine and Seasonal
Green Guard, Seasonal Wetland Ecosystems
wetland and riparian 15%
vegetation
 Basic Data on Legally Established Wildlife PAs
Administered By Amhara Region (Gov and Community)
3Borena Endemic Minilik’s South 2000 15,262 Afro Afro alpine 60% 155/2017
Saynt Bushbuck, Gelada Wollo tropical
and Monkey, Ethiopian Wolf, Highland Sub Afro Alpine 33%
Worehim Stark’s Hare, Fastuica, Montane forest 7%
eno Ericaceous and Montane
National woodland and landscape
Park

4Bakusa Greater Kudu, Common Awi 2004 44,728 Afro Comberetume 86/2004
National Bushbuck, Leopard, National tropical Terminalia Wooded
Park Francolin and Guinea ities Highland land 65%
Fowl Wooded Grassland Zone Shrub and Scrubl 20%
Complex Undulating
Comberetume Wooded
landscape
Grassland 15%
5Woleka Greater Kudu, Lesser S/ Wollo 2009 19,517 Afro Riverine Mixed 151/2008
Beto and Kudu, Wooded Shrub tropical Vegetation Ecosystem
Abay land Complex, Riverine Highland 35%
National landscape Forest
Park
6 Godebie Boswellia papyrifera West ANRS 2009 18,691 Sudan– Co Terminalia 152/200
National and Oxytenanthera Gonda Guinea mixed Woodland 9
Park abyssinica Greater r lay Savanna 72%
Kudu, Columbus Armac
Baboon, Wooded heho Comberetum
Grassland Complex Terminalia
Woodland Grassland
Complex 28%

7 Menze Endemic Gelada North Comm 2003 7,800 Afro Afro alpine 74% 97/2004
Guassa Monkey, Ethiopian Shewa unity tropical
Community Wolf, Scenic Highland Sub Afro Alpine
Conservatio landscape, Fustica Scrubland 26%AN
n Area and Ericaceous
woodland
8 Abune Endemic Gelada North Comm 2008 5,332 Afro Afro alpine 148/200
Yosyfe, Monkey, Ethiopian Wollo unity tropical grassland 76% 8
Zigiti & Wolf, Scenic Highland
Abohayi landscape, Fustica Afro Alpine
Gariya and Ericaceous Scrubland 13%
Community woodland Water Sub Afro Alpine
Conservatio tower and Scenic Ericaceous 11%
n Area landscape
9 Guna Endemic Gelada South Comm 2008 4,000 Afro 147/2008
Afro alpine grassland 86%

Mountains Monkey, Birds, Gondar unity tropical

Community Scenic landscape, Highland Sub Afro Alpine
Conservatio Fustica and Ericaceous 14%
n Area Ericaceous woodland
Water tower

1 Maheberesel Greater Kudu, West Comm 2009 19,070 Sudan– Comberetum 149/2009
0 asie Columbus Baboon, Gondar unity Guinea Terminalia mixed
Community Patas Monkey, Savanna Woodland 78%
Conservatio Boswellia papyrifera,
n Area Oxytenanthera Comberetum
abyssinica and Terminalia mixed
Combertum Grassland Complex
Woodland 22%
1 Bahir Dar , Water and Forest W/Goja Bahir 2000 4,279 Afro Riverine and 59/2008
1 Blue Nile Birds, Waterfalls, m& Dar tropical Aquatic ecosystem
Millennium Hippopotamus, S/Gonda City Highland 58%
Park Riverine and r
Combertum
Woodland and Ficus
spp
12 Lake Tana Water and W/Gojam Public 2007 43,566 Afro Wetland & Aquatic 125/200
UNESCO Man Migratory Birds, S/Gondar tropical ecosystem 58% 7
& Biosphere Hippopotamus, & Central Highla
Reserve Papyrus, Riverine Gondar nd
Forest, Islands, Montane forest
Peninsulas 17%
Evergreen Comberetum
Vegetation mixed shrub
vegetation
ecosystem 25%

13 Chokie Lobelia, Endemic East Comm 2011 6024 Afro Afro alpine
Mountain Birds, Scenic Gojam unity tropical grassland 46%
Community landscape, Fustica Highla Sub Afro Alpine
Conservation and Ericaceous nd Ericaceous 54%
Area woodland Water
tower and Scenic
landscape
Total 496,139

. Source: from assessment, respective PAs offices, EFWLPDA, WDPD and PAs
Assessment and Legal Documents.
 Use
Use values
values of
of PAs
PAs

As of IUCN, 1998 PAs has use and non-use /direct

and indirect values/
Direct use values: recreation, sustainable
harvesting, wildlife harvesting, fuel-wood,
agriculture, grazing, gene harvesting education and
research.
Indirect Uses of PAs: Ecosystem Services Climate
stabilization Flood control Ground-water recharge
Carbon sequestration, Habitat, Nutrient, retention,
Natural disaster prevention, Watershed protection
Natural services
Biodiversity Rich recreational behavior

Environmental sustainability
SOCIO CULTURAL LANDSCAPE
TOURISM PRODUCT

Social & cultural sustainability

Land Degradation, S&W Conservation Culture d North
Shewa Ankober, Fekere Geneb (Ememehert )
. Harness Natural Guassa For Livelihood Goshmeda
Basona bworana Woreda Northb Shewa

Social & cultural sustainability

 Human Resources Developemnt
Human Resources determined: Based on the size, pressure,
conservation and tourism services and infrastructure
Total employee 675 positions in 11PAs with 61 P/PA
Occupied poisons 85 to 98%
NP 561 positions in 6 PAs with 112 P/NP
CCAs and others total 114 positions with 23 P/CCA
Technical/professional 88 (13%)
Supporting staff 166 (24%)
Field /scouts 421 (62%)
High employees turn over 20 t0 30% of per year due to
less salary, none motivation incentive, weak in capacity building and
training
Insufficient facilities poor infrastructure and hardship
Relatively less in SMNO, BSWNP, MGCCA
 Budget and revenue in PAs
Budget for PAs is inadequate very low or no capital budget
Government budget ………… ≈ 17.5 million
Support budget ……………… ≈ 7.5 million
Government Revenue ……… ≈ 7.3milion
Community Revenue ……….. ≈ 29.9 million
Investment revenue ……….. ≈ 71.7 million
Total revenue ………………….. ≈ 108.8 million
The community is getting the revenue only from his service except
in CCA
Almost no infrastructure development budget.
External support is ear tagged (capacity building, assessment and
workshops)
PAs haphazardly subjected to critical budget shortage for
patrolling, law enforcement and infrastructure development and
promotion.
PAs Documents, Community and Stakeholders
involvement & Follow Up using WWF MEETT (2007)
N Name of Documents GMP and Supportive Communi Stak. In. Follow-
o WL PAs guidelines /All have Proclamation/ ty A&P PPP up and
Mon.
1
SMNP GMP, Tourism P & Grazing Strategy, High High Medium
Guidebook
2
ALNP Draft GMP, Tourism Potential , Guidebook, Low Low Low
3
BSWNP Draft GMP, Tourism Potential assessment High Medium Medium
4
BNP Potential assessment None None None
5
WABNP Potential assessment Low Medium Low
6
GoNP Potential assessment Low Medium Low
7
MGCCA GMP, Community Bylaw High High Low
8
AYZAGCCA Potential assessment Low Medium Low
9
GMCCA Potential assessment None Low Low
10
MSMCCA GMP, Monastery Regulation High High Medium
11
BDBNMP Strategic Plan Tourism Networking Plan None None None
12
LT UN BR, Tourism Plan and Educational Medium Low None
MANBR Documents
13 CCA Potential assessment None Medium Low
 Guiding Documents

Documents require for wildlife PAs are

 Assessment and Legal Declaration all PAs
GMP (SMNP, Aletash, BSWNP, MGCCA, MSMCCA)
Tourism management plan (SMNP)
Guide books (SMNP & ALNP)
Sustainable utilization regulations (BSWNP, MGCCA, All CCA)
Survey, Ecological protocols guideline (All, EWCA)
Strategic documents for pressure reduction (BDBLMP)
Tourism Potential and Networking (All and North Gondar Lake
Tana
 Follow-up and Monitoring after establishment
Follow-up and Monitoring (EWCA, EFWPDA, Regional
Council and Law enforcing group): facilitations of
management, human resources, capacity building,
coordination and intervention of stakeholders including
the community, implementation of rules and regulations,
and promotion supports (regardless of benefit generation,
infrastructure development, the pressure exhorted since all
are at lower status or none).

Follow-up and monitoring after establishment:

High= 0%, Medium = 23%. Low= 54% & None = 23%.
It is far below expected and away from the responsibility
or capacitating role required for the managing PA office,
local community and stakeholders at PA level. A little
follow up in SMNP, BSWNP and MSMCCA largely on
facility, treat reduction and promotion effort
 Community Awareness, Supports from Stakeholders and
Public Private Partnership
Community awareness, stakeholders involvement and
follow on : establishment, management process,
facilitation support, conservation targets and
management objectives and human resources
development (regardless of benefit generation,
infrastructure development, the pressure exhorted and
law enforcement since all are at lower status or none).
Community awareness:
High =31%, Medium = 8% , Low =31% & None = 30%.
Stakeholders involvement:
High 24%, Medium = 38% . Low= 23% & None = 15%.
 PAs Supports from Partners
PAs supports from universities/research centers are very crucial and investigated
many gaps on community awareness, management and monitoring ,law
enforcement and also identified biodiversity and natural resource composition,
values, mobilization and coordination with stakeholders’ intervention, benefit
sharing and educational promotion and direct supports to the community (Gondar,
Wollo, Debere Tabour, Bahir Dar , Deberemarkos, A.A, Mekele and Hawassa
universities).

However, mostly beyond institutional approach emanated from project based,

academic research interest developed from wishes and effort from the individual
knowledge of the area and less to address holistic PAs management approaches and
fail when the individual away or loose interests and less attention to make live
laboratory for scientific research as a benchmark for biodiversity, landscape and
conservation culture development and enhancement of management efficiency of
respective managing office and local partners .

Stakeholders intervention assessment indicates weakness in collaboration between

managing institutions to enhance coordination to make close contact with different
partners and to bring changes on time PAs management intervention addressing
conservation and management targets haphazardly affected PAs in the region.
 PA Management customary utilization Demand
Community traditional uses or demand on PAs:
Grazing, water, farming, settlement, Fuel Wood , Grasses, Wild
edible plant, farm tools, bush meat, honey collection, holly water,
ritual, religious, site for conflict regulation, ministry, medicinal plants,
condiments Wild fruit , holy and hot springs, gum and bamboo,
cultivation, settlement, fuel & Construction Wood and forest
products.
District animal, plant and habitats targeted for these uses

The threats depend on change in habitat uses, the extent and

intensity destroy, sensitivity for uses, feeling of utilizers and
consequences on PA management and difficulty in reversing
/Human Induced Tragedy/
The agreement and conflict with the community comes on
permission and prohibition extent of those uses and area coverage (to
make at least 75% of PA to address primary objective)
 Alternative use and infrastructure in PAS
Alternative use: Tourism, job creation, livelihood technology transform, mitigation
of climate change, green guard, Sustainable extractive use, agriculture output
market, intensive and value added forest product, value added and artifact
product, cultural exchange, multiplier effect & service, improvement on traditional
uses, transport, accommodation and investment. Besides sustainable use of
customary uses.
Infrastructure: Entrance complex required Guard room, control pole, reception
desk, resting, interpretation & display rooms, museums, ticket office, bath and
toilet rooms, souvenir shops.

Other infrastructures: camping, resting, view & picnic sites, launch stops, outpost,
roads and trekking lines, boat port, road and signposts.

No PAs with full flogged infrastructure but there are sites serving as recreation and
open camping and trekking their natural setting

MGCCA, SMNP, BSWNP, AYZAGCCA have camping sites with community and private
lodges not full flogged but with nice tenet stretching ground and scenic view points
 Required Benefits from PAs

Required Benefit Expected from PAs:

Harmonized with sustainability use and
protection of PA resources reconciling
customary, participatory PAs conservation and
management objectives.
As a result realization of expected benefit from
PAs for affected communities /International to
local level/ beneficiaries, is ultimate goal of PAs.
 Management and Benefit generation Gaps
The gaps identified and prioritized are
1st Discrepancies between the demand of the local communities and
implemented activities in PA management.
2nd The management and conservation activities minimal to address
in attaining conservation target and management objectives
3rd Community and stakeholders low or no benefiting from the out
puts as expected
4th Weakness in law enforcement bring competitive and extractive
utilization
As a result
Management and implemented activities could not bring expected
benefits and satisfaction on communities, clients /visitors,
researchers and investors/.
The community couldn't believe and fail to cooperate on the
implementation of ongoing activities in PAs
 Major challenges on PAs of The Region
Challenges on PAs are
• law awareness creation on the community and stakeholders
• low equitability in direct and indirect resources use or sharing existing benefits.
• Shortage of budget and facilities
• Weak in capacity building and follow up
• Weak in working with law enforcement groups
• Weaken in direct or indirect community benefit generation efforts

Hence, PAs threatened with exploitative traditional uses emanated from challenges
 Free and over grazing
 Frequent and unregulated expansion of farming and settlement,
 Extractive and destructive uses for fuel wood, grasses, construction and bush meat
 Blockage and fragmentation of extended natural habitats
 Massive deforestation and extensive use of distinct plants

Continued as conflict between PAs managers and the community. Even the
community denies what was done in the establishment and legalization process.
 Sources of Challenges in PAs of Amhara region

Challenges prevalent in protected areas can be considered as related

knowledge, skill , leadership and managerial aspects.
Social economic and political problems:
less concern on budget, benefit sharing and implementation of
regulations from respective stakeholder causing 50 to 70% pressure
exert PA causing conflict among users
Scientific related problems:
Inadequate monitoring and research lack of some restoration ecology
and addressing PAs priority research issues and fail to use
recommendations.
Planning and development problems:
Operational activities about 30 to 50 % of patrolling, visitors flow, job
opportunities and overall revenue and benefit generation affected by
planning, development and associated challenges.
Management problems:
Inadequate training of park managers, littering and habituation of some
wildlife. road site and lodges. Inadequate interpretive materials in PAs.
 Challenge and Threat Mitigation Interventions
N Challenges in PAs Responsible and directly resolving Possible intervention by respective stakeholder
o stakeholders
1 Over Grazing Protected area office, Local Community, D Develop strategies and awareness to overcome shortage of feed
local leaders and law enforcement groups and s strengthened law enforcement effort improved livestock,
and Animal experts,, Universities and grazing system and strategies
Supporters

2 Crop farming, Community, PA office, Agricultural Improved agricultural Technologies, Relocation of settlers,
Settlement experts, local leaders, law enforcement Alternative livelihood, Construction wood and fuels, and Energy
fuel wood and grass supporting projects office, Research and Development, Awareness development supply with training and
cutting & uncontrolled educational institution, improved technology and facilities
fire
4 Weak in facilitation of Policy Makers, Religious and Traditional Develop keen interest on the role of values of local cultural and
cultural events and fail leaders, Local Elders, Park office, Kebele religious assets and customary rules and bylaws incorporation in
in enhancing their role administrators, universities and supporting PA, use for law enforcement, management and decision making
in PA management institutions, core planners and consultants process. Abide cultural and religious taboo and rules and
regulations and use as tourism asset .

5 Weak in construction of Policy Makers, EWCA, Park office, Develop and standard design, quality and required road and
conservation, tourism Universities, Supporting Institutions, trekking infrastructure for patrolling, inventory and research works
and social Investors and Service Providing and tourism. Enhancing working efficiency and motivated experts,
infrastructures Cooperatives, Tour and Travel Agencies rangers and the whole PA staff members. Supply of required office
and Ethiopian and Volunteers and field facilities

6 Weak in partnership Policy Makers, EWCA, Law enforcement Authorized Responsibility provision for local authorities and other
and responsible sharing groups Universities, Supporting partners and communities by policy makers to play responsible role
and control of illegal Institutions, Religious and Traditional in PA management.. Provision of required support for PA
activities and Conflict leaders, Local Elders, Park office, Kebele management on budget, Protecting boarderss. Generate benefit
among users and administrators, systems for local communities
managing institutions
 Challenge Mitigation Strategies in PAs of the Amhara
Region
1. Removal or significantly reduction of causes for
challenges
2. Implementation of wildlife polices rules,
regulation law enforcement
3. Develop defined ownership and commitment
of policy makers and PPP.
4. Sustainability wildlife management and
equitable benefits generation and co-manage
for existing and incoming generation
 Major Accomplishment on PA development in
Amhara Region since 2005
Establishment of PaDPA
Restoration and rehabilitation of SMNP
Assessment of natural PA potential sites
Alatash, Denkoro, Menze Guassa, Abay shelko, Guna,
Ygof, Armadega, Upstream of Blue Nile, Chokie,
Wofwasha, Tana, Mahebereselasie, Godebe, Wolka Abay,
Establishment of 13 PAs
Development of North Godar and Lake tana TNP
Lake Tana Biosphere Reserve
 Fund rising for SMNP, Aletash, BDBNMP
Guide book for SMNP and Alatish
 Wildlife Protected Areas (PAs) Management Models
WL and habitats management from successive PAs models
Nature Exploitation Model: long period of low impact preindustrial
extractive human use of wildlife and their rangelands was limitless
open access resources termed the wildlife range problem (Holechek,
Herbel, and Pieper 2005).
Classical model wildlife PAs
Contemporary model: wildlife and
managed for protection and transfer to
nature tourism and ecosystem
incoming generation from 1870 to
sustainability 1970s to 2010.
1970s.

Emerging model since 2010 PA has been exercised in comprising both classical
and modern approaches for more critical value as issue of “life support system”
(Ervin, J., et al. 2010).

Reconciliation of all models and conservation to benefits existing

and incoming generation and scale up the role of community,
policy makers and professionals and required infrastructure are
vital issues implementing wildlife management resilience model .
Required Standard Infrastructure In PAS
Visitors Travel routes
 physical infrastructure
Development Inventory in PA
Infrastructure required for Constructed infrastructures
PA 1.Vehicle ,trail (trekking) roads &
1.vehicle ,trail (trekking) roads & Boat trip
Boat trip 2.Entrance gate
2.Entrance gate 3.Information center
3.Information center
4.Head quarter
4.Head quarter 5.Residence houses
5.Residence houses
6.post sites
6. post sites
7.Camping sites
7.Camping sites
8.Boat port/Ferries
8.Boat port/Ferries
9.Entrance gate
9.Entrance gate
10.Different sign posts 10.
Different sign posts
11.
Internet accesses 11.
Internet accesses
12.
Radio communication 12.
Radio communication
13.
Fixed & mobile telephone 13.
Fixed & mobile telephone
access access
14.
Recreational/resting site 14.
Recreational/resting site
Infrastructure Development required
Access Road
Parking and recreational
Road
 Access Road, air and boat port for PA

Driving in Rough and Hilly Road Requires High Efficient

Four Wheal Drive Cars
Cham Boat Port access road
with no water detch only by
level rising
Chamo Boat
Accesses Port
Road (jetty)
and JettyConstruction
(boat Port)
without removing anything
Construction in nature
water transport in the Protected Area
Air Port and PA Bahir Dar Addis, Arbaminch, Lalibela
 Standard Tourism Infrastructure Design
Developed By Ethiopian Tourism Organization

Prototype Park Gates and Front Gate

Tourism Service Facilities
 Prototype- Visitors Center in3D format
For
Diverse Tourism resources /Visiting Sites
Prototype Eco- Camp Tourism Service
facilities
 Prototype
Community Ecolodge in3D
format
THANK YOU!!