DEVELOPMENT OF

INDONESIAN TRADITIONAL
MEDICINES
AS
HERB MEDICINE
FACULTY OF PHARMACY GADJAH
MADA UNIVERSITY
YOGYAKARTA, INDONESIA
INDONESIAN MEDICINAL
PLANTS
Indonesia is one of the world’s two mega biodiversity
centers together with Brazil

Around 25,000 to 30,000 flowering plant species grow

in Indonesia

About 10% of which are estimated to have medicinal value

and widely used by the people as sources of Indonesian
traditional medicines
 plants

animals

Aspect of preparation
process from natural minerals
resources

galenical
preparations, or
INDONESIAN
TRADITIONAL
MEDICINES combination thereof

used for curing or

preventing diseases
 Aspect of safety and
efficacy
maintaining health
 Generation
by
generation 
guarantee of
SAFETY
SAFETY
AND
EFFICA
CY
 CRITERIA OF INDONESIAN HERBAL
MEDICINES
EMPIRICAL STANDARDIZED HERBAL PHYTOPHARMACA
TRADITIONAL MEDICINE
MEDICINE/JAMU

Based on traditional and Based on pharmacological Based on pharmacological

empirical experiences of and toxicological studies in and toxicological studies
people animals on animals and clinical
study in human

Chemical constituent(s) of Chemical constituent(s) of Chemical constituent(s) of

plant materials and plant materials have been plant materials and
products have not been standardized products have been
standardized/regulated standardized
 EMPIRICAL TRADITIONAL MEDICINES / JAMU

com
Volu Other
plexi
mino modified Problem of raw
ty Indication
us dosage materials
bioa
form forms
ctive

micr
suspe inco sust obial pro prev reha
powd curati
nsio nsist aina cont moti entiv bilita
er ve
ency bility amin ve e tive
ation
 
vo
0RIGINAL PREPARATIONS un
l
s & umin
ou
 stab
l
Temulawak ea not e
s
(Curcuma sca y to
xanthorrhiza) for ling
ind up
us
tr y
Boil 5 slices of
rhizomes with
2 glasses (1.5
liters) of
water until
half volume
(800 ml) and
drink the
infusion
1. fresh raw
materials
(directly
consumed)
2. juices
3. infusion
EASY BUT NOT SIMPLE

• CITRONELLA SAUNA (MANDI

UAP SEREH) :
• TAKE A BUCKET, FILL IT WITH
INFUSION OF CITRONELLA
LEAVES.
• MAKE YOUR BODY POSITION
ABOVE THE BUCKET UNDER A
CAGE COVERED BY SARONG.
• THE CITRONELLA STEAM WILL
REMOVE YOUR BODY FAT
COMPLEXITY OF PREPARATION

R/ UWOS KEBUAN (ORYZA SATIVA) SAJUMPUT

(UWOS INGKANG SAMPUN KALEBETAKEN KUKUSAN UMEB SAPISAN)

PULOSARI (ALYXIA REINWARDTII) 5 SAGA

ADAS MANIS (FOENICULUM VULGARE) SAJODHO
SEKAR APEN ( NYCTANTHES ARBOR-TRITIS) 3 SAGA
SEKAR SEDHAH (PIPER BETTLE) 7 SAGA
MENYAN MADU (MYRRHA) 3 SAGA
CENDANA PETHAK (SANTALUM ALBUM) 3 SAGA
MENAWI NGANGGE, MENDHETA JERAM PECEL SATUNGGAL,

KAREMET, KASARENG, LAJENG KAGOSOKNA ING RAI.

 OTHER POPULAR DOSAGE
FORMS
• POWDER IN SACHET WAS A RESULT OF PRODUCT
MODIFICATION AT THE FIRST DECADE OF 20TH CENTURY
(ACCORDING TO SOME JAMU INDUSTRIES)
• BY MAKING SUSPENSION, ALL POWDER INGREDIENTS ARE
CONSUMED. IT CONSISTS OF ACTIVE CHEMICAL
CONSTITUENTS AND BALLAST SUBSTANCES (THERE IS A
QUESTION OF SAFETY AND EFFICACY)
• BITTER TASTE DOMINATE THE UNCOMFORTABILITY OF
PRODUCT CONSUMPTION
 PROBLEM OF RAW MATERIALS

• THE MOST PART OF RAW MATERIALS COME FROM WILD

PLANTS  INCONSISTENCY OF ACTIVE CHEMICAL
CONSTITUENTS
• CONTINUITY OF STOCK  PRODUCT DISAPPEAR IN THE
MARKET  BAD CONDITION FOR BUSSINESS
• HIGH HUMIDITY CAUSE RISK OF MICROBIAL CONTAMINATION
 DRYING PROCESS IS VERY IMPORTANT
• THERE IS NO SUFFICIENT INFORMATION ON SUPPLY-DEMAND
OF RAW MATERIALS
 INDICATION

• JAMU/EMPIRICAL TRADITIONAL MEDICINES HAVE WEAK AND SLOW

EFFECT  MORE APPROPRIATE FOR PROMOTING HEALTH,
PREVENTING DISEASES OR REHABILITATING BODY AND NOT FOR
CURATIVE INDICATION
• THE MOST POPULAR INDICATIONS OF JAMU ARE DOMINATED BY
SEVERAL CLAIMS SUCH AS TO MAINTAIN AND INCREASE VITALITY,
APHRODISIAC (FOR MEN), BODY SLIMMERS AND PREVENTION OF
MENSTRUAL DISORDER (FOR WOMEN)
• A POPULAR“CURATIVE” INDICATION IS CARMINATIVA (MASUK
ANGIN)
 HOW SHOULD WE DEVELOP
JAMU?
• LETS THE PEOPLE HAPPY WITH JAMU
• CREATE OTHER PROMOTIVE OR PREVENTIVE CLAIMS AND
PUSH THEM AS POPULAR INDICATIONS (BODY
REFRESHMENT, IMMUNOSTIMULANT)
• ANALYSE THE SUPPLY-DEMAND FOR ESTABLISHMENT OF
MEDICINAL PLANT CULTIVATION PROGRAM
• INCREASE QUALITY OF RAW MATERIALS AND PRODUCTS
AND CAPABILITY TO IMPLEMENT GMP
STANDARDIZED HERBAL MEDICINES
(SHM) AND PHYTOPHARMACA
• LACK OF APPLIED RESEARCHES ON CURATIVE INDICATION 
INDONESIAN MARKET WILL OCCUPIED BY IMPORTED
PRODUCTS ESPECIALLY FROM CHINA AND US (AS HS)
• SLOW PROGRESS OF REGISTERED SHM PRODUCTS
• PROGRAM IMPLEMENTATION OF THE USE OF SHM IN
HOSPITALS HAVING HERBAL POLYCLINIC
 RESEARCHES ON CURATIVE
INDICATIONS
• THERE ARE A LOT OF RESEARCHES ON BIOACTIVITY AND
PHARMACOLOGY OF INDONESIAN MEDICINAL PLANTS
• INDONESIAN HERBAL PHARMACOPOEA HAS BEEN
PUBLISHED AND IT CONTAINS DIFFERENT ACTIVE
CONSTITUENTS AS ONE OF QUALITY PARAMETERS OF
MEDICINAL PLANT MATERIALS IN THE MONOGRAPHS
• IMPLEMENTATION PROGRAM TO USE ALL INFORMATIONS
SHOULD BE ARRANGED BETWEEN INDUSTRIES AND
RESEARCH INSTITUTIONS
 SLOW PROGRESS OF
REGISTERED SHM
• THERE ARE MORE THAN 30 REGISTERED SHM
(STANDARDIZED HERBAL MEDICINES) BUT ONLY 5-6
PRODUCTS HAVING SIGNIFICANT BENEFITS
• ONLY ONE OF 7 REGISTERED PHYTOPHARMACA
PRODUCTS HAS BEEN ACCEPTED NATURALLY BY MEDICAL
DOCTORS
• EFFICACY OF SHM IS STILL WEAK DUE TO SMALL
CONCENTRATION OF ACTIVE CHEMICAL CONSTITUENTS
 DATA FROM INDONESIAN
HERBAL PHARMACPOEA
• AMONG 52 EXTRACTS, ONLY 6 CONTAINING MORE THAN
10% ACTIVE CHEMICAL CONSTITUENTS /MARKER
SUBSTANCES, 19 MORE THAN 5%
• CHLOROPHYLL, RESIN, LIPID, PROTEIN AND
POLYSACCHARIDE DOMINATE BALLAST SUBSTANCES IN
THE EXTRACTS
• NEED TO DEVELOP PURIFIED EXTRACTS OR ACTIVE
FRACTIONS WITHOUT CHROMATOGRAPHIC METHODS
 METHODS TO PRODUCE
PURIFIED EXTRACT
• DELIPIDATION – ADDITION OF LYPOPHYLIC SOLVENTS
• ADDITION OF ALKALI SOLUTION – RESIN ELIMINATION AND ALKALOID
PURIFICATION
• SAPONIFICATION – STEROID AND TRITERPENOID SEPARATION FROM
LIPIDIC EXTRACT
• PRECIPITATION BY DIFFERENT POLARITIES OF SOLVENTS
• ELECTROCOAGULATION OF CHLOROPHYLLS
• FILTRATION BY DIFFERENT ADSORBENTS SUCH AS ZEOLITE
• DISTILLATION FOR ESSENTIAL OILS
CASE OF JAVANESE PIPER
A = LYPOPHYLIC FRACTION
B = SEMIPOLAR FRACTION
C = STANDARD SUBSTANCES

PRECLINICAL TEST ON APHRODISIAC AND

SUBCHRONIC TOXICITY ON RATS
• A – WAS NOT ACTIVE AND INCREASED
SGOT/SGPT LEVELS
• B – WAS ACTIVE AND DID NOT INCREASE
SGOT/SGPT LEVELS
CASE OF RHUBARB
• MAIN CHEMICAL CONSTITUENTS OF RHUBARB
ARE
- HYDROXYANTHRAQUINONE RHEIN
(RF 0.45)  NON POLAR
- TANNIN (RF 0.02)  POLAR

IF YOU TAKE RHUBARB WITHOUT APPROPRIATE

PURIFICATION  YOU WILL FALL IN WEAK
PHARMACOLOGICAL EFFECT
ANTHRAQUINON IS LAXATIVE
TANNIN CAUSES CONSTIPATION
 CONTRAINDICATION
 HOW TO DEVELOP INDONESIAN
HERBAL MEDICINES?
• CHOOSE PRIORITIES OF DISEASES TO BE CURED (TRADITIONAL
AND MEDICAL)
• COLLECT ALL INFORMATIONS ON INDONESIAN MEDICINAL
PLANTS FOR CURING THE DISEASES OF PRIORITY
• CHOOSE MEDICINAL PLANT WITH KNOWN ACTIVE
CONSTITUENTS
• PRODUCE PURIFIED EXTRACT FOLLOWED BY BIOACTIVITY OR
PHARMACOLOGICAL TEST
• PRODUCE APPROPRIATE PREPARATION FOR CLINICAL TRIAL
• SUSTAINABILITY OF RAW MATERIAL SHOULD BE IN
CONSIDERATION (DO NOT USE ROOT OF BIG TREES SUCH AS
BERINGIN/FICUS BENJAMINA)
 PERBEDAAN ANTARA
OBAT KONVENSIONAL & OBAT HERBAL

• EFEK TERAPI • EFEK TERAPI

TERGANTUNG DOSIS TERGANTUNG DOSIS
ZAT AKTIF YANG PADA ZAT AKTIF YANG BISA
UMUMNYA TUNGGAL BERUPA CAMPURAN

• BAHAN PENGISI • MASIH TERKANDUNG

BIASANYA TIDAK ZAT LAIN YANG BISA
BERINTERAKSI SHG BERPENGARUH PADA
TIDAK MEMPENGARUHI EFEK TERAPI
EFEK
• BAHAN BAKU MEMILIKI
• BAHAN BAKU MEMILIKI KOMPOSISI
REPRODUSIBILITAS KUANTITATIF
PENGADAAN YANG KANDUNGAN KIMIA
BAIK YANG SERING
BERBEDA
BAHAN ZAT AKTIF DOSIS ZAT AKTIF INDIKASI

Aloe Hidroksi antrakinon 10-30 mg/hari Laksansia

Cinnamon Sinamaldehid 50-200 mg/hari Karminatif

Plantago Arabinoksilan 0,75-2,5 g/hari Defekasi

Thymi Timol & karvakrol 12 0 mg 3x sehari Obat batuk

Andrographis Andrografolida 500 mg 4x sehari Antidiare

Mentha M.atsiri 0,3 ml 3x sehari Sakit perut

Kava-kava Kavapiron 60-120 mg/hari Sedativa

Sambucus Flavonoid total 150 mg 3x sehari Diuretika

Orthosiphon Polimetoksi flavon 20 mg/hari Diuretika

Curcuma Kurkuminoid 160 mg/hari Dislipidemia

 COMPLEMENTER

• TIMOL, KARVAKROL  ANTI

MIKROBA

•  EKSPEKTORAN/PENGENCER
DAHAK

•  SPASMOLITIK/MEREDAKAN BATUK
 SYNERGISME

•  DIURETIKA
•  DIURETIKA
•  DIURETIKA
 CONTRA INDICATION

 MEMACU PRODUKSI CAIRAN EMPEDU  MEMACU NAFSU MAKAN

 PENGGUNAAN KHOLESTEROL TUBUH MENINGKAT  MASUKAN LEMAK DAN KHOLESTEROL
 KADAR KHOLESTEROL DARAH TURUN TUBUH TINGGI
 KADAR KHOLESTEROL DARAH NAIK
 ANOTHER SIDE

• : SKOPOLETIN  PENURUN TEKANAN DARAH

• : XERONIN  PENURUN KADAR GULA DARAH

• : MORINDON  LAKSANSIA
 COMPLEMENTARY
R/ SELEDRI
KUMIS KUCING

SELEDRI  FLAVONOID APIIN DAN APIGENIN

 VASODILATOR  TEKANAN DARAH TURUN
KUMIS KUCING  FLAVONOID POLIMETOKSI :
SINENSETIN, EUPATORIN; GARAM KALIUM;
DAN INOSITOL  DIURETIKA
 PENURUNAN TEKANAN DARAH
 EFEK SINERGISME

R/ AKAR VALERIAN
BIJI PALA

AKAR VALERIAN  VALEPOTRIATE 

SEDATIVA

BIJI PALA  MIRISTISIN  SEDATIVA

 EFEK KONTRAINDIKASI

R/ DAUN LIDAH BUAYA

AKAR KLEMBAK

LIDAH BUAYA  ANTRAKINON ALOIN  LAKSANSIA

AKAR KLEMBAK  ANTRAKINON RHEIN 
LAKSANSIA
TANIN  ANTI DIARE

 EFEK BERLAWANAN
 PENGHAMBATAN ABSORPSI

• TANIN
 BEREAKSI DENGAN PROTEIN
 MEMBENTUK SENYAWA TAK LARUT
 MELAPISI DINDING USUS
 MENGHAMBAT ABSORPSI ZAT AKTIF
 EFEK FARMAKOLOGI BERKURANG

TEH, KLEMBAK, DAUN JAMBU BIJI, KAYU RAPAT

 PENINGKATAN ABSORPSI
• SESKUITERPENOID
KOMPONEN MINYAK ATSIRI

 DAPAT MENINGKATKAN ABSORPSI

KURKUMINOID HINGGA KONSENTRASINYA
DALAM DARAH MENINGKAT 8 KALI
 EFEK FARMAKOLOGI MENINGKAT
 PENGURANGAN WAKTU TRANSIT
USUS
• BIJI DAUN SENDOK
 POLISAKARIDA
 TERKENA AIR MENGEMBANG
 BULK LAXATIVE
 MENINGKATKAN BAB
 MENGURANGI INTESTINAL TRANSIT TIME
 KESEMPATAN ABSORPSI ZAT AKTIF
BERKURANG
 EFEK FARMAKOLOGI BERKURANG
PENINGKATAN BIOAVAILABILITAS MELALUI
PENGHAMBATAN SITOKROM P450
• PIPERIN
• TERHADAP KURKUMIN
 MENGHAMBAT AKTIVITAS ENZIM CYP
 METABOLISME KURKUMIN DI HEPAR
BERKURANG
 KETERSEDIAAN HAYATI KURKUMIN MENINGKAT
 KADAR DALAM DARAH MENINGKAT 10 KALI
LIPAT
 EFEK FARMAKOLOGI MENINGKAT

LADA HITAM, CABE JAWA

 PENINGKATAN BIOAVAILABILITAS MELALUI
PENGHAMBATAN GLUTATHION S-
• KURKUMIN TRANSFERASE
 MENGHAMBAT AKTIVITAS GST
 METABOLISME ZAT AKTIF LAIN BERKURANG
 KETERSEDIAAN HAYATINYA MENINGKAT
 KONSENTRASI DALAM DARAH MENINGKAT
 EFEK FARMAKOLOGI MENINGKAT

TEMULAWAK, KUNYIT, BANGLE,

TEMUGIRING
 CONTOH SEDIAAN
• KEMASAN
TABLET, DUS, 2 STRIP @ 10 TABLET, STRIP @ 4 TABLET
• DOSIS
2 KALI SEHARI 1 TABLET
• KOMPOSISI
ATTAPULGIT 300 MG
PSIDII FOLII EXTRACT 50 MG
CURCUMAE DOMESTICAE RHIZOMAE EXTRACT 75 MG
• KHASIAT
UNTUK PENGOBATAN DIARE NON SPESIFIK
• PERHATIAN
TIDAK BOLEH DIBERIKAN PADA ANAK DI BAWAH 5 TAHUN DAN
PENDERITA HARUS MINUM ORALIT. BILA DALAM PENGGUNAAN 3
HARI TIDAK SEMBUH, HUBUNGI DOKTER
 PENYAJIAN INFORMASI UNTUK
• NAMA SEDIAAN
DOKTER
UNTUK FITOFARMAKA ATAU OBAT HERBAL
TERSTANDAR YANG TELAH TERDAFTAR DI
BADAN POM

• NAMA BAHAN BAKU

UNTUK BAHAN BAKU YANG TELAH ADA
DATA KLINISNYA TETAPI BELUM TERDAFTAR
DI BADAN POM
 ORTHOSIPHONIS FOLIUM – JAVA TEA

• DEFINITION
JAVA TEA CONSISTS OF THE FRAGMENTED, DRIED LEAVES AND
TOPS OF STEMS OF ORTHOSIPHON STAMINEUS BENTH. (O.
ARISTATUS MIQ.; O. SPICATUS BAK.)

• CONSTITUENTS
UP TO 12% OF MINERALS WITH A HIGH PROPORTION OF
POTASSIUM (2-10), APPROX. 0.2% OF LIPOPHILIC FLAVONES
INCLUDING SINENSETIN AND ISOSINENSETIN (2,3,6,7,11-18),
FLAVONOL GLYCOSIDES (15,16), ROSMARINIC ACID 0.1-0.5%
(3,16,18-20) AND OTHER CAFFEIC ACID DEPSIDES (15,16), INOSITOL
(8), PHYTOSTEROLS SUCH AS Β-SITOSTEROL (2), AND UP TO 0.7%
OF ESSENTIAL OIL (2,4,6,7,9,10,21); PIMARANE, ISOPIMARANE AND
STAMINANE DITERPENES (2,6,7,9,16,29,30) AND CHROMENES SUCH
AS METHYLRIPARIOCHROMENE A (28,31,32)
 ORTHOSIPHONIS FOLIUM (CONTINUED)

• CLINICAL PARTICULARS
• THERAPEUTIC INDICATIONS
IRIGATION OF THE URINARY TRACT, ESPECIALLY IN CASES OF
INFLAMMATION AND RENAL GRAVEL, AND AS AN ADJUVANT IN THE
TREATMENT OF BACTERIAL INFECTIONS OF THE URINARY TRACT
(2,7,16,33-35)
• DOSAGE
ADULTS: AN INFUSION OF 2-3 G OF DRIED MATERIAL IN 150 ML OF
WATER TWO TO THREE TIMES PER DAY; EQUIVALENT PREPARATIONS
(3,5,7,36)
• METHOD OF ADMINISTRATION
FOR ORAL ADMINISTRATION
• DURATION OF ADMINISTRATION
NO RESTRICTION
• CONTRAINDICATION
NONE KNOWN
 ORTHOSIPHONIS FOLIUM (CONTINUED)

• SPECIAL WARNINGS AND SPECIAL PRECAUTIONS FOR USE

JAVA TEA SHOULD NOT BE USED IN PATIENTS WITH OEDEMA DO TO
IMPAIRED HEART AND KIDNEY FUNCTION.
• INTERACTION WITH OTHER MEDICAMENTS AND OTHER FORMS OF
INTERACTION
NONE REPORTED.
• PREGNANCY AND LACTATION
NO DATA AVAILABLE. IN ACCORDANCE WITH GENERAL MEDICAL
PRACTICE, THE PRODUCT SHOULD NOT BE USED DURING PREGNANCY
AND LACTATION WITHOUT MEDICAL ADVICE.
• EFFECTS ON ABILITY TO DRIVE AND USE MACHINES
NONE KNOWN
• UNDESIRABLE EFFECTS
NONE REPORTED
• OVERDOSE
NO TOXIC EFFECTS REPORTED
 PERATURAN MENTERI KESEHATAN R.I.
NOMOR : 760/MENKES/PER/IX/1992
TENTANG FITOFARMAKA
• FITOFARMAKA
ADALAH SEDIAAN OBAT DAN OBAT TRADISIONAL
YANG TELAH DIBUKTIKAN KEAMANAN DAN
KHASIATNYA, BAHAN BAKUNYA TERDIRI DARI
SIMPLISIA ATAU SEDIAAN GALENIK YANG TELAH
MEMENUHI PERSYARATAN YANG BERLAKU

 TIDAK HARUS PRODUK YANG TERDAFTAR DI

BADAN POM, YANG PENTING SUDAH ADA BUKTI
KEAMANAN DAN KHASIATNYA BAIK DARI HASIL
PENELITIAN INSTITUSI MAUPUN PUBLIKASI ILMIAH
YANG DIAKUI VALIDITASNYA
SILAHKAN DITELAAH ,
DIDISKUSIKAN ,
KITA PERSIAPKAN ,
DAN
KITA REALISASIKAN

TERIMAKASIH
THANK YOU