Documente Academic
Documente Profesional
Documente Cultură
BY
HARI SUJADI, S.KEP NS. M.NURS
Rule 1
Adjectives modify nouns; adverbs modify verbs,
adjectives, and other adverbs
Richard is careless
He is a quietly man F
He is a quiet man T
Good or Well?
Good is an adjective, so you do not do good or live good but you do
well and live well
feel good, look good, smell good, are good, have been good
well can function either as an adverb or an adjective.
When well is used as an adjective, it means "not sick" or "in good
health.“
feel well or are well (after recovering from an illness)
When not used in this health-related sense, however, well functions as
an adverb; for example, "I did well on my exam.”
Avoiding Common Errors
Double-negatives
in English only one negative is ever used at a time
They found scarcely any animals on the island. (not scarcely
no...)
Hardly anyone came to the party. (not hardly no one...)
Sure or Surely?
Sure is an adjective, and surely is an adverb
I am sure that you were there
Near or Nearly?
Near can function as a verb, adverb, adjective, or preposition.
Nearly is used as an adverb to mean "in a close manner" or "almost
but not quite."
the moment of truth neared
Some/Any:
Both modify countable and uncountable nouns.
There is some water on the floor.
There are some Mexicans here.
Do you have any food?
Do you have any apples?
Much/Many:
MUCH modifies only uncountable nouns.
They have much money in the bank.
MANY modifies only countable nouns.
Many Americans travel to Europe.
A lot of/lots of:
These are informal substitutes for MUCH and MANY. They are
used with uncountable nouns when they mean MUCH and with
countable nouns when they mean MANY.
They have lots of money in the bank.
A lot of Americans travel to Europe.
Avoiding Common Errors
Little/Few:
LITTLE modifies only uncountable nouns.
He had little food in the house.
FEW modifies only countable nouns.
There are a few doctors in town.
A little bit of:
This phrase is informal and always precedes an uncountable noun.
There is a little bit of pepper in the soup.
Enough:
ENOUGH modifies both countable and uncountable nouns.
There is enough money to buy a car.
I have enough books to read.
Plenty of:
This phrase modifies both countable and uncountable nouns.
They have plenty of money in the bank.
There are plenty of millionaires in Switzerland.
No:
NO modifies both countable and uncountable nouns.
There is no time to finish now.
There are no squirrels in the park
article
… broken egg
… unusual problem
…european country (sounds like 'yer-o-pi-an,' i.e.
begins with consonant 'y' sound)
Conclusion:
If the noun is modified by an adjective, the choice between a
and an depends on the initial sound of the adjective that
immedately follows the article
task
I am …teacher.
Brian is …Irishman.
Seiko is …practicing Buddhist.
Conclusion:
the indefinite articles are used to indicate membership in a
profession, nation, or religion.
Definite article (the)
General vs spesific
First vs. Subsequent Mention
Art is often called an imitation of life. I read a book about the folk arts of
Sweden.
Dr. Moulton is an expert in ancient Greek We have several sculptures in our home.
sculpture.
We use only recycled paper in our office. Where are those important papers?
Countable vs uncountable noun
I stepped in a puddle.
Pluralizing
most count nouns pluralize with -s
Example:
The guest of honor arrived late.
You are welcome as a guest in our home.
The guests at your party yesterday made a lot of noise.
Guests are welcome here anytime.
Using Articles with Countable and
Uncountable Nouns
Non-Plurals
Abstract Material Generic
with - s
advice meat fruit mathematics
help rice wildlife economics
information bread equipment physics
knowledge cake machinery civics
trouble coffee furniture ethics
work ice cream mail mumps
enjoyment water luggage measles
fun oil jewelry news
recreation grass clothing tennis
relaxation hair money (other games)
Nouns and Articles
these, no
a, an The this, that
those article
Count
XX XX XX
singular
Count
XX XX XX
plural
Noncount XX XX XX
example
Count Singular:
I ate an apple.
I rode the bus.
Does she live in this house? No, she lives in that house
over there.
Count Plural:
I like to feed the birds.
Do you want these books? No, I want those books up
there.
Cats are interesting pets.
Noncount:
The water is cold.
This milk is going sour.
Music helps me relax.
Quantity Terms
many, both,
some, any,
several,
much, less, most, more,
few/fewer/few each, every,
little, a little, all, a lot of,
est, a few, one any, one
very little no, none of
of the, a
the
couple of
Count
XX
singular
Count plural XX XX
Noncount XX XX
example
Count Singular:
I practice every day.
I'd like one donut, please.
Count Plural:
Can I have some chips?
She has a lot of books, and many are autographed.
I have fewer pencils than you.
Noncount:
Can I have some water?
She has a lot of strength, and much is due to her
upbringing.
I have less courage than you.
Quantity Adjectives with Countable and
Uncountable Nouns