VDOE Mathematics Institute

Grade Band 9-12

Functions
K-12 Mathematics Institutes
Fall 2010

Fall 2010
 Placemat Consensus
Functions
Individual ideas
are written here

Common
Individual ideas ideas are Individual ideas
are written here written are written here
here

Individual ideas
are written here

Fall 2010 2
 Overview of Vertical Progression
Middle School (Function Analysis)
7.12 … represent relationships with
tables, graphs, rules and words
8.14 … make connections between
any two representations (tables,
graphs, words, rules)

Fall 2010 3
 Overview of Vertical Progression
Algebra I (Function Analysis)

A.7 The student will investigate and analyze

function (linear and quadratic) families and their
characteristics both algebraically and graphically,
including
a) determining whether a relation is a function;
b) domain and range;
c) zeros of a function;
d) x- and y-intercepts;
e) finding the values of a function for elements in its
domain; and
f) making connections between and among multiple
representations of functions including concrete,
verbal, numeric, graphic, and algebraic.

Fall 2010 4
 Overview of Vertical Progression
Algebra, Functions and Data Analysis
(Function Analysis)

AFDA.1 The student will investigate and analyze

function (linear, quadratic, exponential, and
logarithmic) families and their characteristics. Key
concepts include
a) continuity;
b) local and absolute maxima and minima;
c) domain and range;
d) zeros;
e) intercepts;
f) intervals in which the function is
increasing/decreasing;
g) end behaviors; and
h) asymptotes.
Fall 2010 5
 Overview of Vertical Progression
Algebra, Functions and Data Analysis
(Function Analysis)

AFDA.4 The student will transfer

between and analyze multiple
representations of functions,
including algebraic formulas, graphs,
tables, and words. Students will select
and use appropriate representations
for analysis, interpretation, and
prediction.

Fall 2010 6
 Overview of Vertical Progression
Algebra 2 (Function Analysis)
AII.7 The student will investigate and analyze
functions algebraically and graphically. Key
concepts include
a) domain and range, including limited and
discontinuous domains and ranges;
b) zeros;
c) x- and y-intercepts;
d) intervals in which a function is increasing or
decreasing;
e) asymptotes;
f) end behavior;
g) inverse of a function; and
h) composition of multiple functions.
Graphing calculators will be used as a tool to assist
in investigation of functions.

Fall 2010 7
 Vocabulary

The new 2009 SOL mathematics

standards focus on the use of
appropriate and accurate
mathematics vocabulary.

Fall 2010 8
 “Function” Vocabulary Across
Grade Levels
 Relation  Local & Absolute
 Domain – limited/ Maxima & Minima
discontinuous (turning points)
 Range  Increasing/
 Continuity Decreasing
 Zeros Intervals
 Intercepts  End Behavior
 Elements (values)  Inverses
 Multiple  Asymptotes (and
Representations holes)

Fall 2010 9
 Vocabulary Across Grade Levels

Evaluate Compare/contrast
Solve Calculate
Simplify Graph
Apply Transform
Analyze Factor
Construct Identify

Fall 2010 10
 Wordle – Algebra I 2009 VA SOLs
www.wordle.net

Fall 2010 11
 Wordle – Algebra, Functions and
Data Analysis 2009 VA SOLs

Fall 2010 12
 Wordle – Algebra II 2009 VA SOLs

Fall 2010 13
 Wordle – Algebra I, Algebra II, Algebra,
Functions & Data Analysis, and Geometry

Fall 2010 14
 Reasoning with Functions
Key elements of reasoning and sense
making with functions include:
• Using multiple representations of
functions
• Modeling by using families of
functions
• Analyzing the effects of different
parameters

Adapted from Focus in High School Mathematics:

Reasoning and Sense Making, NCTM, 2009

Fall 2010 15
 Using Multiple
Representations of Functions
• Tables
• Graphs or diagrams
• Symbolic representations
• Verbal descriptions

Fall 2010 16
 Algebra Tiles ~ Adding
Add the polynomials.
(x – 2) + (x + 1)

= 2x - 1

Fall 2010 17
 Algebra Tiles ~ Multiplying
(x + 2)(x + 3)

x+2 x+3

Fall 2010 18
Multiply the polynomials using tiles.
Create an array of the polynomials

(x + 2)(x + 3)

x2 + 5x + 6

Fall 2010 19
 Algebra Tiles ~ Factoring
Work backwards from the array.

(x – 2) (x – 1)

x2 - 3x + 2

Fall 2010 20
 Polynomial Division
A.2 The student will perform operations on
polynomials, including
a)applying the laws of exponents to
perform operations on expressions;
b)adding, subtracting, multiplying, and
dividing polynomials; and
c)factoring completely first- and second-
degree binomials and trinomials in one
or two variables. Graphing calculators
will be used as a tool for factoring and
for confirming algebraic factorizations.

Fall 2010 21
 Polynomial Division

Divide (x2 + 5x + 6) by (x + 3)

Common factors only will be

used……no long division!
Let’s look at
division
using Algebra Tiles
Fall 2010 22
Represent the polynomials using tiles.

x2 + 5x + 6
x+3

Fall 2010 23
Factor the numerator and denominator.

(x ++ 2)(x
(x 2)(x++3)
3)

x2 + 5x + 6

Fall 2010 24
Represent the polynomials using tiles.

(xx+ 2)(x
2 + 5x + 3)
6
(x + 3)

Reduce fraction
x + 2 is the answer
by simplifying
like factors to
equal 1.

Fall 2010 25
 Points of Interest for A.2 from the
Curriculum Framework
Operations with polynomials can be
represented concretely, pictorially, and
symbolically.

VDOE Algeblocks Training Video

http://www.vdoe.whro.org/A_Blocks05/index.html

Fall 2010 26
 Algeblocks Example

(2x + 5) + (x – 4) = 3x + 1

Fall 2010 27
 Modeling by Using Families of
Functions
• Recognize the characteristics of
different families of functions
• Recognize the common
features of each function family
• Recognize how different data
patterns can be modeled using
each family
Fall 2010 28
 Analyzing the Effects of
Parameters
• Different, but equivalent algebraic
expressions can be used to define
the same function
• Writing functions in different forms
helps identify features of the
function
• Graphical transformations can be
observed by changes in parameters
Fall 2010 29
 Overview of Functions
Looking at Patterns
Time vs. Distance Graphs allow
students to relate observable
patterns in one real world variable
(distance) in terms of another real
world variable (time).

Fall 2010 30
 Time vs. Distance Graphs

Fall 2010 31
Fall 2010 32
 Slope and Linear Functions
• Students can begin to
conceptualize slope and look at
multiple representations of the
same relationship given real
world data, tables and graphs.

Fall 2010 33
 Exploring Slope using
Graphs & Tables
+200 +200 +200 +200 +200

+15.87 +15.86 +15.86 +15.87 +15.86 +15.87 +15.86 +15.87 +16.13

The cost is approximately

$15.87 for every 200kWh
of electricity.

Students can then

determine that the cost is
about $ 0.08 per kWh of
electricity.

Fall 2010 34
 Exploring Functions
As students progress through
high school mathematics, the
concept of a function and its
characteristics become more
complex. Exploring families of
functions allow students to
compare and contrast the
attributes of various functions.

Fall 2010 35
 Function Families
Linear: Absolute Value:
f ( x)  x f ( x)  x

Fall 2010 36
 Function Families
Quadratic Square Root
f ( x)  x 2
f ( x)  x

Fall 2010 37
 Function Families
Cube Root Rational:
1
f ( x)  x
3
f ( x) 
x

Fall 2010 38
 Function Families
Polynomial: Exponential:
f ( x)  x 3
f ( x)  2 x

Fall 2010 39
 Function Families
Logarithmic:
f ( x)  log 2 x

Fall 2010 40
 Linear Functions
Parent Function
f(x) = x
Other Forms:
f(x) = mx + b
f(x) = b + ax
y – y1 = m(x – x1)
Ax + By = C
Characteristics Table
Algebra I
Domain & Range:
Zero:
x-intercept:
y-intercept:
Algebra II
Increasing/Decreasing:
End Behavior:

Fall 2010 41
 Linear Functions
Parent Function
f(x) = x
Other Forms:
f(x) = mx + b
f(x) = b + ax
y – y1 = m(x – x1)
Ax + By = C

Characteristics Table
Algebra I
Domain & Range: {all real numbers}
Zero: x=0
x-intercept: (0, 0)
y-intercept: (0, 0)
Algebra II
Increasing/Decreasing: f(x) is increasing
over the interval {all real numbers}
End Behavior: As x approaches + ∞,
f(x) approaches + ∞. As x approaches - ∞,
Fall approaches - ∞.
f(x) 2010 42
 Absolute Value Functions
Parent Function
f(x) = |x|
Other Forms:
f(x) = a|x - h| + k

Characteristics Table of Values

Algebra II
Domain:
Range:
Zeros:
x-intercept:
y-intercept:
Increasing/Decreasing:
End Behavior:

Fall 2010 43
 Absolute Value Functions
Parent Function
f(x) = |x|
Other Forms:
f(x) = a|x - h| + k

Characteristics Table of Values

Algebra II
Domain: {all real numbers}
Range: {f(x)| f(x) > 0}
Zeros: x=0
x-intercept: (0, 0), y-intercept: (0, 0)
Increasing/Decreasing:
Dec: {x| -∞ < x < 0} Inc: {x| 0 < x < ∞}
End Behavior:
As x approaches + ∞, f(x) approaches + ∞.
As x approaches - ∞, f(x) approaches + ∞.
Fall 2010 44
 Function Transformations
f(x) = |x|
g(x) = |x| + 2
h(x) = |x| - 3
Vertical
Transformations

Fall 2010
 Function Transformations
f(x) = |x|
g(x) = |x - 2|
h(x) = |x + 3|
Horizontal
Transformations

Fall 2010
 Quadratic Functions
Parent Function
f ( x)  x 2

Other Forms:

f ( x)  ax2  bx  c
f ( x)  a( x  h)2  k

Characteristics Table
Algebra I
Domain:
Range:
Zeros:
x-intercept: y-intercept:
Algebra II
Increasing/Decreasing:
End Behavior:
47

Fall 2010 47
 Quadratic Functions
Parent Function
f ( x)  x 2

Other Forms:

f ( x)  ax2  bx  c
f ( x)  ( x  h)2  k
Characteristics Table
Algebra I
Domain: {all real numbers}
Range: {f(x)| f(x) > 0}
Zeros: x=0
x-intercept: (0, 0), y-intercept: (0, 0)
Algebra II
Increasing/Decreasing: Dec: {x| -∞ < x < 0}
Inc: {x| 0 < x < ∞}
End Behavior: As x approaches - ∞, f(x) 48
approaches + ∞. As x approaches + ∞, f(x)
Fall 2010
approaches + ∞.
 Exploring Quadratic Relationships
through data tables and graphs

Fall 2010 49
 TAKE a BREAK

Fall 2010
 Square Root Functions
Parent Function
f ( x)  x
Other Forms:

f ( x)  a x  h  k

Characteristics Table
Algebra II
Domain:
Range:
Zeros:
x-intercept: y-intercept:
Increasing/Decreasing:
End Behavior:

51

Fall 2010 51
 Square Root Functions
Parent Function
f ( x)  x
Other Forms:

f ( x)  a x  h  k

Characteristics Table
Algebra II
Domain: {x| x > 0 }
Range: {f(x)| f(x) > 0}
Zeros: x=0
x-intercept: (0, 0) y-intercept: (0, 0)
Increasing/Decreasing: Increasing on
{x| 0 < x < ∞}
End Behavior:
As x approaches + ∞, f(x) approaches + 52
∞.
Fall 2010 52
 Square Root Function
Real World Application
The speed of a tsunami is a function of ocean depth:

SPEED = dg

g = acceleration due to gravity (9.81 m/s2)

d = depth of the ocean in meters

Understanding the speed of tsunamis

is useful in issuing warnings to coastal
regions. Knowing the speed can help
predict when the tsunami will arrive at a
particular location.

Fall 2010 53
 Cube Root Functions
Parent Function

f ( x)  3 x
Other Forms:

f ( x)  a 3 x  h  k

Characteristics Table
Algebra II
Domain:
Range:
Zeros:
x-intercept:
y-intercept:
Increasing Interval:
End Behavior:
54

Fall 2010 54
 Cube Root Functions
Parent Function
f ( x)  3 x
Other Forms:

f ( x)  a 3 x  h  k

Characteristics Table
Algebra II
Domain: {all real numbers }
Range: {all real numbers }
Zeros: x=0
x-intercept: (0, 0)
y-intercept: (0, 0)
Increasing Interval: {all real numbers}
End Behavior: As x approaches - ∞, f(x)
approaches - ∞; As x approaches + ∞,
f(x) approaches + ∞. 55

Fall 2010
 Cube Root Function
Real World Application
Kepler’s Law of Planetary Motion: d  3 6t 2
The distance, d, of a planet from the Sun in millions of
miles is equal to the cube root of 6 times the number of
Earth days it takes for the planet to orbit the sun,
squared. For example, the length of a year on Mars is
687 Earth-days. Thus,
d  3 6(687) 2

d = 141.478 million miles

from the Sun

Fall 2010 56
 Rational Functions
Parent Function
1
f ( x) 
x
Other Forms:
a ( x)
f ( x) 
b( x )
where a(x) and b(x) are
polynomial functions
Characteristics Table
Algebra II
Domain:
Range:
Zeros:
x-intercept & y-intercept:
Increasing/Decreasing:
End Behavior:
Asymptotes:

Fall 2010 57
 Rational Functions
Parent Function
1
f ( x) 
x
Other Forms:
a ( x)
f ( x) 
b( x )
where a(x) and b(x) are
polynomial functions
Characteristics Table
Algebra II
Domain: {x| x<0} U {x| x>0}
Range: {f(x)| f(x) < 0} U {f(x)| f(x) > 0}
Zeros: none
x-intercept & y-intercept: none
Decreasing: {x| -∞ < x < 0} U
{x| 0 < x < ∞}
End Behavior: As x approaches - ∞,
f(x) approaches 0; as x approaches + ∞, 58
f(x) approaches 0.
Fall 2010
Asymptotes: x = 0, y = 0
 Rational Expressions
Real World Application
A James River tugboat goes 10 mph in still water. It
travels 24 mi upstream and 24 mi back in a total
time of 5 hr. What is the speed of the current?
Distance Speed Time
Upstream 24 10 – c t1 – c )
24/(10
Downstream 24 10 + c 24/(10
t2 + c )

Upstream Downstream
24 24
+ =5
10 - c 10 + c

Fall 2010 59
 Rational Expressions
Real World Application
24 24
(10 – c) (10 + c) + =5 (10 – c) (10 + c)
10 - c 10 + c

24(10 + c) + 24 (10 – c) = 5 (100 – c2)

480 = 500 - 5c2
5c2 - 20 = 0
5(c + 2)(c – 2) = 0
c = 2 or -2

The speed of the current is 2 mph.

Fall 2010 60
 Applying Solving Equations
and Graphing Related Functions
Algebraic
5c2 - 20 = 0
Related Function
f(c) = 5c2 - 20

c = -2 or 2
zeros
x-intercepts

Fall 2010 61
 Solving Equations & Functions
A.4 The student will solve multistep
linear and quadratic equations in
two variables…..
Framework
Identify the root(s) or zero(s) of a …..
function over the real number
system as the solution(s) to the …..
equation that is formed by setting
the given …… expression equal to
zero.

Fall 2010 62
 Exponential Functions
Parent Function
f ( x)  b x
Other Forms:
f ( x)  ab x  c

Characteristics (f(x) = 2x) Table

Algebra II
x y  2x
Domain:
Range:
3 1
8

Zeros: 2 1
4
x-intercepts: 1 1
2
y-intercepts:
0 1
Asymptote:
End Behavior: 1 2
2 4
Fall 2010
 Exponential Functions
Parent Function
f ( x)  b x
Other Forms:
f ( x)  ab x  c

Characteristics (f(x) = 2x) Table

Algebra II
x y  2x
Domain: {all real numbers}
Range: {f(x)| f(x) > 0}
3 1
8

Zeros: none 2 1
4
x-intercepts: none 1 1
2
y-intercepts: (0, 1)
0 1
Asymptote: y = 0
End Behavior: As x approaches ∞, f(x) 1 2
approaches + ∞. As x approaches - ∞, f(x) 2 4
approaches 0.
Fall 2010
 Exponential Function
Real World Application
Homemade chocolate chip cookies can lose
their freshness over time. When the cookies
are fresh, the taste quality is 1. The taste
quality decreases according to the function:
f(x) = 0.8x, where x represents the number of
days since the cookies were baked and f(x)
measures the taste quality.
When will the cookies
taste half as good as
when they were fresh?
0.5 = 0.8x
log 0.5 = x log 0.8
x = log 0.5 ÷ log 0.8
x = 3 days
Fall 2010 65
 Logarithmic Functions
Parent Function
f(x) = logb x, b > 0, b  1

Characteristics (f(x) = log x) Table

Algebra II x y  log 2 x
Domain: 1
8 3
Range:
Zeros:
1
4 2
x-intercepts:
1
2 1
y-intercepts: 1 0
Asymptotes: 2 1
End Behavior:
4 2

Fall 2010 66
 Logarithmic Functions
Parent Function
f(x) = logb x, b > 0, b  1

Characteristics (f(x) = log x) Table

Algebra II x y  log 2 x
Domain: {x| x > 0} 1
8 3
Range: {all real numbers} 1
4 2
Zeros: x=1
x-intercepts: (1, 0)
1
2 1
y-intercepts: none 1 0
Asymptotes: x = 0 2 1
End Behavior: As x approaches ∞, y
4 2
approaches + ∞.

Fall 2010 67
 Logarithmic Function
Real World Application
The wind speed, s (in miles per hour), near the
center of a tornado can be modeled by
s = 93 log d + 65
Where d is the distance (in miles) that the tornado
travels. In 1925, a tornado traveled 220 miles
through three states. Estimate the wind speed
near the tornado’s

center.

s = 93 log d + 65
s = 93 log 220 + 65
s = 93(2.342) + 65
s = 282.806 miles/hour

Fall 2010 68
 Inverse Functions:
Exponentials and Logarithms

Given : y  2 x ;
what is its inverse ?
x  2y
log 2 x  y

Fall 2010 69
 Functions and Inverses
Every function has an inverse
relation, but not
Function
every inverse
relation is a
function. Not a
Function

When is a function invertible?

A function is invertible if its inverse
relation is also a function.
Fall 2010 70
 Quadratic Functions Require
Restricted Domains in order to be
Invertible
x f(x)
Function:
0 0
f ( x)  x , x  0
2
1 1
2 4
3 9
Inverse Function:
x f -1(x)
1
f ( x)  x 0 0
1 1
4 2
9 3

Fall 2010 71
 Inverse Functions

Fall 2010 72
 Polynomial Functions
End behavior ~ direction of the ends
of the graph

Even Degree
Teachers should
Same directions facilitate students’
Odd Degree generalizations
Opposite directions

Fall 2010 73
 Real World Application
Polynomial Function
Suppose an object moves in a
straight line so that its distance
s(t) after t seconds, is
represented by s(t)= t3 + t2 + 6t
feet from its starting point.
Determine the distance traveled
in the first 4 seconds.

Fall 2010 74
 s(t) = t3 + t2 + 6t

Odd Degree
End Behavior

Fall 2010 75
 Time is our constraint, so we
are only concerned with
the positive domain
Determine the distance traveled
after 4 seconds.
s(t) = t3 + t2 + 6t

s(4) = (4)3 + (4)2 + 6(4)

s(4) = 64+ 16 + 24
s(4) = 104

The object traveled 104 feet in 4 seconds

Fall 2010 76
 Analyzing Functions
x3
f ( x) 
x2
Domain:
Range:
Zeros:
x-intercept:
Decreasing:
End Behavior:
Asymptotes:

Fall 2010 77
 Analyzing Functions
x3
f ( x) 
x2
Domain: {x| x < 2} U {x| x > 2 }
Range: {f(x)| f(x) < 1} U
{f(x)| f(x) > 1}
Zeros: x = -3
x-intercept: (-3, 0)
Decreasing:
{x| x < 2} U {x| x > 2 }
End Behavior: As x approaches
- ∞, f(x) approaches 1. As x
approaches + ∞, f(x) approaches
1.
Asymptotes: x = 2, y = 1

Fall 2010 78
 Asymptotes

f(x) = 3(x – 2)

Fall 2010 79
 Asymptotes

3xy = 12
12
y
3x
4
y
x

Fall 2010 80
 What do you know about this
rational function?

x  x6
2
f ( x) 
x 3

( x  2)( x  3)
f ( x) 
x 3
f ( x)  x  2, x  3

Fall 2010 81
 Discontinuity (Holes)
x  x6
2
f ( x) 
x 3
f ( x)  x  2, x  3

Fall 2010 82
 Function Development 9-12
Algebra I AFDA Algebra 2
Relation or function? Continuity Domain/range (includes
discontinuous domains/ranges)
Domain/range Domain/range
Zeros
Zeros Zeros
x- and y-intercepts
x- and y-intercepts x- and y-intercepts
Function values for
Function values for Function values for elements of the domain
elements of the domain elements of the domain
Connections among
Connections among Connections among representations
representations representations
Local/absolute max/min
Local/absolute max/min
Intervals of incr/decr
Intervals of inc/dec
End behaviors
End behaviors
Asymptotes
Asymptotes
Inverse functions
Composition of
83 functions
Fall 2010 83
 Draw a function that has the
following characteristics
Domain: {all real numbers}
Range: {f(x)| f(x)>0}
Increasing: {x| -2<x<2 U x>5}
Decreasing: {x| 2<x<5}
Relative maximum(turning point): (2, 4)
Relative minimum(turning point): (-2, 1)
End Behavior: As x approaches ∞, f(x) approaches ∞.
As x approaches - ∞, f(x) approaches ∞.
Asymptotes: y=0

Fall 2010 84
 Revisit Placemat Consensus
Functions
Individual ideas
are written here

Common
Individual ideas ideas are Individual ideas
are written here written are written here
here

Individual ideas
are written here

Fall 2010 85