 INTRODUCTION

 PRESENTSCENERIO OF CONSTRUCTION WORK

 TRANSPORTING SYSTEM
 PRODUCTION SYSTEM FOR CEMENT
 STRENGTH OF BUILDING
 LEARNING
 First of all I Would like to thank
for providing me the opportunity to work and learn
as an intern . Then , I Would like to express my
sincere gratitude towards
for always guiding and helping me as project
Guide (Mentors) throughout the internship
Duration .

Also I Would also like to extend my thanks towards

the technical and non-technical staff and my
fellow interns for their encouragement
throughout the Internship .
 To gain work experience during Internship
 To understand the various norms and rules
followed by the organisation
 To understand and learn the work of a site
engineer
 To observe and learn how the actual
construction work is performed by the
organisation
 To gain the through knowledge about
building construction
Building Construction :
Building Construction is the process of constructing a building or
infrastructure. Construction differs from manufacturing in that manufacturing
typically involves mass production of similar items without a designated
purchaser, while construction typically takes place on location for a known
client.
OR

Building construction is the process of adding structure to real property. The

vast majority of building construction projects are small renovations, such as
addition of a room, or renovation of a bathroom. Often, the owner of the
property acts as laborer, paymaster, and design team for the entire project.
Selection of Stones for Building Construction

Once a stone has been selected on aesthetic basis, it is

important than to ensure whether it exhibits the necessary
physical properties and durability to remain in working
condition for a long time. Confirm the traditional name of the
stone and test it in the field for properties like streak, color,
hardness etc. It is better to confirm whether the amount and
quality of stone
How to Build a Stone Wall?

To assist in your stacking, sort the stone by size; setting

aside the smallest pieces to use as shims (these will help
level unsteady larger stones). Prepare for this activity by
stretching well and always lift using your arms and legs, not
your back Shims (shown far right), or smaller stones, help
level unsteady larger pieces. Map out the design by digging
a trench about 6" deep and as wide as
Differences between stone and brick masonry

First of all, in brick masonry, brick is the smallest structural

unit and in stone construction stone is the smallest structural
unit. Stone masonry is usually used in rural areas and its best
kind, which is very costly can be used for very strong
construction. In brick masonry the size and shape of the brick
matters a lot but not in stone masonry. The discontinuity of
joints is important in both
Types and Classification of Bricks

Classification of Bricks Based on Quality Based on uses

Based on Composition Based on Manufacturing Process
Tests for Bricks Compression Test Soundness Test Water
Absorption Test Efflorescence Test Dimensional Tolerance
Composition of a Brick Normally, brick contains the
following ingredients by weight
Structural Elements of Reinforced Concrete Buildings

Concrete is a stone like substance obtained by permitting a

carefully proportioned mixture of cement, sand and gravel or
other aggregate and water to harden in forms of the shape an
of dimensions of the desired structure. Long horizontal or
inclined members with limited width and height are called
beams. Their main function is to transfer loads from the slab
the columns
Reinforced Concrete Building Elements

The floor of the basement of the building. It is also called

cellar. The basement floor is either completely or partially
below the ground floor. A basement can be used in almost
exactly the same manner as an additional above-ground
floor of a house or other building. However, the use of
basements depends largely on factors specific to a
particular geographical area such as climate, soil,
Structural & Non Structural Defects in Building
Construction

Concrete is very versatile material. It can be cast in place

with or without reinforcement. It can also be precast or
prestressed in order to achieve the required strength. In
order to achieve the required strength. There is the need of
proper understanding of its behavior and constituents that
are making the concrete. Any type of negligence in any of
its phase like placement, design & maintenance
Reasons to Keep Factor of Safety in Building
Construction

Factor of Safety in buildings or other construction is kept so

that to compensate any uncertainty in the design process.
The uncertainty could come from anywhere in the design
process including calculations, material strengths,
environmental conditions, natural phenomenons, duty of
the structure and last but not the least quality of materials
used. Though there exist some
Design of Formwork for Building Loads

Self load shall be determined by either actual measurement

or in accordance with IS 875 (Part I) the unit weight of wet
concrete including reinforcement shall be taken as 26
kN/m². However, in absence of the data, load may be
assumed as 500 N/M2 for the purpose of initial
calculations. Loads during constructional operation shall
constitute the imposed loads [see IS 875 (Part 2 ) Where
Steps in Construction of Multi Storey Buildings

Since the thermal expansion of concrete is different from

that of masonry. The interface between the concrete and
the masonry is liable to crack. To avoid this crack the
chicken wire mesh is used to avoid the crack and also
provides the better grip for Masonry with concrete. Similarly
when the drainage pipes are laid along with the outer wall
then again the connection between the pipe and
ACI Building Code Requirements and Safety
Provisions

Structural members must always be proportioned to resist

loads greater than service or actual loads, in order to
provide proper safety against failure. In the strength design
method, the member is designed to resist the factored
loads which are obtained by multiplying the factored loads
with live loads. Different factors are used for different
loadings. As dead loads can be estimated
Types of Floors and Methods of Construction of
Floors

The floor whose topping is of brick. These are easy to

construct and repair. but the surface resulting from these is
not smooth and is rough, hence, easily absorbs and retains
moisture which may cause dampness in the building. For
constructing a brick floor, the top surface of earth or
murram filling is properly consolidated. Over this
compacted earth, a layer of clean sand about 10 cm thick
 Properties of a Good Sealant for Joints

Protection Durability Less expansion

Good adhesion Chemical inertness
Sound insulation - Air tight Must be of
softer grade and not stiff Good wetting
behavior Must be able to absorb
thermal stresses
Reinforced Cement Concrete Design - Concepts
and Theories

Since concrete is a brittle material and is strong in

compression. It is weak in tension, so steel is used inside
concrete for strengthening and reinforcing the tensile
strength of concrete. The steel must have appropriate
deformations to provide strong bonds and interlocking of
both materials.
How Bond Strength can be Increased?

The pulling out of steel bars from concrete is resisted by

the gripping action of concrete known as bond and the
resulting stress is called bond stress. The resistance offered
to slipping of bars is due to three factors: 1. The chemical
adhesion between the two materials. 2. The friction due to
natural roughness of bars. 3. The mechanical anchorage of
the closely spaced
Advantages & Disadvantages of Bricks

Masonry structures are the oldest structures. These are

structure built by using masonry units with mortar. The
masonry units may be: Brick is a solid unit of building
having standard size and weight. Its history traces back
thousand years (almost 7500 BCE). Clay bricks made of
fired clay. Since the clay bricks or burnt bricks are strong,
hard, durable, resistive to abrasion and fire