HISTORY OF CORRECTIONS

A. Code of Hammurabi
 The first formal laws dealing with the imposition of justice first came to
light some 1750 Before Christ in Babylonia.

 Core principle is lex taliones or “an eye for an eye and tooth for a tooth”

B. King Ur-Nammu’s Code

 It carries the concept of Restitution and Restorative Justice
 HISTORY OF CORRECTIONS
C. Nicomedean Ethics
 Punishment is a means of restoring the balance between pleasure and
pain.
 It introduced Corrective Justice

D. Justinian Code
 This code became the standard law in all the areas occupied by the
Roman Empire particularly in Europe.
 This code was a revision of the Twelve Tables of Roman Law.

E. Burgundian Code
 This code introduced the concept of restitution.
 Punishments were meted according to the social class of the offenders.
 HISTORY OF CORRECTIONS
F. Inquisition(Ecclesiastical Court)
 Allowed the use of TORTURE.
 Pope Leo I was the first pope to fully express approval for killing,
otherwise human and divine law would be subverted.
 Heresy had been the crime where the Church strictly enforced the
death penalty.
 Priscillian was the first recorded Christian who was put to death for
being a heretic.
 Pope Gregory IX through his Papal Encyclical “Excommunicamus”
issued in 1231 that made part of Canon Law that burning of non-
believers at the stake. He is also the one who initiated the Inquisition
that led to the burning of hundreds of heretics.
 Innocent IV officially introduced torture to the inquisition procedure in
1252.
 HISTORY OF CORRECTIONS
G. King Henry VIII
 Decreed corporal punishment for vagrants in 1531 and penal slavery in
1547 to defend the interests of the still dominant landlord class, where
the nobility gets their privileged status in society.

H. King Edward VI
 One of the most notorious English workhouses, St. Bridget’s Well
(Bridewell), opened in 1557. The guiding principle of this workhouse
was that by forcing people to work at difficult and unpleasant tasks,
they would be reformed.
 HISTORY OF CORRECTIONS
Cesare Beccaria (Cesare Bonesana, Marchese de Beccaria)
(1738-1794)
 He believed that punishment could deter crime, but only if they
were certain, swift and severe.
 He endorsed the segregation of inmates by age, gender and offense.

John Howard (1726-90)

 He influenced the passage of the Penitentiary Act of 1779.

Benjamin Rush (1747-1813)

 He voiced two concerns (1) punishment should not be public events
and (2) reformation of offenders could be achieved through
punishment that encouraged penance.
 HISTORY OF CORRECTIONS
Jeremy Bentham and the Panoptican (1748-1832)
 The person who proposed the Panoptican or Inspection House.

Maine State Prison

 Contained cell in the pits similar to the underground cistern of long
ago Rome that were used to detain offenders undergoing trial in
some cases and to hold sentenced offenders where they will be
starved to death.
 HISTORY OF CORRECTIONS

Sing Sing Prisons

 Became famous because of the Sing Sing bath. The
shower bath was a gadget so constructed as to drop a
volume of water on the head of a locked naked offender.
The force of the icy cold water hitting the head of the
offender caused so much pain and extreme shock that
prisoners immediately sank into coma due to the shock
and hypothermia or sudden drop in the body
temperature.
 HISTORY OF CORRECTIONS

St. Michael Prison

 The Roman Catholic Church introduced it, during the
reign of Pope Clement XI.
 Many of the practices pioneered in St. Michael were
later to be adopted in the United States in what is now
known as the Auburn System.
 It emphasized the rehabilitative concept and pioneered
the segregation of prisoners and forced silence to make
the prisoners contemplate their wrongdoings.
 Development of Prison Systems in the 19th Century

1835: Manuel Montesimos became the Director of Prisons in Valencia,

Spain.
 divided prisoners into companies and appointed some prisoners as petty
officers in charge.
 reduction of service
 trade training

1839: Domets of France

 established an agricultural colony for delinquent boys.
 "house fathers“
 He concentrated on re-education.
 Development of Prison Systems in the 19th Century

Sir Evelyn Bugles Brise was the director of English prison who opened
the Borstal Institution after visiting the Elmira Reformatory in 1897,
which is now considered as the best reform institution to young
offenders. This system was based entirely on the individualized
treatment.

William Penn was the first leader to prescribe imprisonment as a

correctional treatment for major offenders.
Development of Prison Systems in the 19th Century

J. The Pennsylvania and the New York System

To prevent fraternization among prisoners observed at the Walnut Street
Jail, officials extended solitary confinement to the new Pennsylvania
prisons.
 The emphasis is on moral and religious dimensions.
 It was believed that maximizing time for repentance would
contribute to the efficiency of reform.
 Adopted the principle of total separation of prisoners.
Development of Prison Systems in the 19th Century

K. The Auburn System : Congregate and Silent

 quasi-military style of inmate management.
 Routine was reinforced by a strict schedule of activities, and lockstep
marching regulated even inmate movement.
 Auburn also relied on uniforms and corporal punishments.
Uniforms were used to distinguish first time offender from repeat
offenders.
 Development of Prison Systems in the 19th Century

L. The Elmira Reformatory

 Zebulon Brockway
 The first Supt. Of Elmira.
 He introduced training school type, education for prisoners,
solitary confinement for night and congregate workshop were
adopted, extensive use of parole and indeterminate sentence.

 Elmira Reformatory is considered as the forerunner of modern

penology.
Development of Prison Systems in the 19th Century

M. Penitentiary Reform

Alexander Maconochie
 He created a system of marks of commendation, given to inmates
for good behavior. An inmate with a fixed number of marks could
earn his ticket of leave.

Walter Crofton
 Created what has to be called the Irish Ticket of Leave System.
Development of Prison Systems in the 20th Century

There were five major deployments of prisoners existing

in the United States during the 20th century.

1. Northern Industrial Prison

 The prisoners were made to perform labor to earn revenues
for the upkeep of the facility and the profit for the state
treasury.

2. Southern agricultural plantation

 These penal institutions posses vast landholdings and use
prison labor to produce agricultural products out of the land.
The harvest accrue to the benefit of the state government
where a part of the income is used to finance the operating
cost of the facility.
Development of Prison Systems in the 20th Century

3. Chain Gangs
 Under this scheme, prisoners work in public works
projects outside of the facilities. To secure the prisoners
against escape when they are on the work site from the
prisons, they were chained together, hence, the word
chain gang evolved.

4. Custody-Oriented Prison
 This type of prison is a remnant of the prisons of the
past century when prisoners were punished by confining
them only to their cells and isolating them from the rest
of the society.
Development of Prison Systems in the 20th Century

5. The Treatment-Oriented Prison

 This became the goal in almost every penal institution.
 The treatment programs involved a whole array of
educational, vocational, counseling and other services
which were made available to the inmate.
 Treatment programs were even individualized to suit the
particular treatment need of every inmate involving
psychological, sociological, social and many other
components.
 EARLY DEVELOPMENTS IN THE FIELD OF CORRECTIONS
A. Three Revolutions in the History of Corrections

1. AGE OF REFORMATION: During this period, corporal punishment,

banishment (exile) and physical disfigurement were replaced with
imprisonment in penitentiary.

2. AGE OF REHABILITATION: The people during this period believed

that criminals were assumed as handicapped people who are suffering
from mental or emotional deficiencies. Thus, they should undergo
therapy to heal their personality maladjustment.

3. AGE OF REINTEGRATION: The society in this period became the

"patient" as well as the offender. The emphasis was placed on the
“pressures” exerted to the offender by the social groups where he
belongs and on the society that regulates his opportunities to achieve
his goals.

 EARLY DEVELOPMENTS IN THE FIELD OF CORRECTIONS
B. Innovative Programs Introduced in Corrections

1. CHICAGO AREA PROJECT: This program founded by Clifford R. Shaw

is a delinquency prevention program. It is the first organized program
in the U. S. to use workers to establish direct and personal contact with
the ‘unreached’ boys to help them find their way back to acceptable
norm of conduct.

2. CAMBRIDGE-SOMERVILLE STUDY: This was the first relatively

rigorous attempt to test the effectiveness of individual counseling with
delinquent boys who have high tendencies to become criminals. The
approach of correction was friendly rather than professional, which
involved watching two groups of delinquent boys. One group was left
alone, thus serving as a control to the other experimental group.
However, the outbreak of World War II restricted the period of
operation of the study.
 EARLY DEVELOPMENTS IN THE FIELD OF CORRECTIONS

3. SHALOM House: This is a communal, voluntary settling for drug

addicts, which a private project devoted to the communal
rehabilitation of narcotic addicts.

4. PORT Program: PORT is an acronym for Probationer and Offender's

Rehabilitation and Training, which was established in Rochester,
Minnesota. It is a live-in community based program. PORT is a
community directed treatment program that uses a combination of
group treatment and behavior modification.
 EARLY DEVELOPMENTS IN THE FIELD OF CORRECTIONS

C. The 4 Key Citizens in Correctional Administration

1. CORRECTIONAL VOLUNTEERS: These are people who are willing to
assume responsibility that is more or less formalized for working
directly with offenders.
2. SOCIAL PERSUADERS: These are persons who are willing to persuade/
influence others to support correctional institutions and their
programs. The actions of these people are valuable in bidding for
legislative support.
3. GATEKEEPERS OF OPPORTUNITY: These are the custodians to be
accessed in order to enter special correctional institutions such as
employers, school administrators, and welfare directors.
4. INMATES: This group includes peer groups on a non-official basis, and
correctional agents who could work with community workers while
dealing with traditional peer groups.
 Correction Practice in the Philippines

Commandancias
 Equivalent of today’s police stations or precincts where the laws are
enforced by the Guardia Civil

Bilibid Prison
 The first penal institution in the country
 It was constructed sometime in the year 1847 in the Bilibid District of
the City of Manila from where it derived its name
 It was only recognized and formally designated as an insular
penitentiary through a Royal Decree issued some eighteen years later in
1865
 Correction Practice in the Philippines
 The building which were referred to as ‘brigadas” are made of very strong adobe
stones.
 During the war, the Japanese Imperial forces used the NBP to confine suspected
guerillas and anti-Japanese Filipinos as well as American Prisoners of War.
 The place where the Bilibid Prison was relocated is a 552-hectare Muntinlupa
estate-owned by the City of Manila. This site was previously acquired by the city to
become the site for its Boys Training School. But because the site is far from Manila,
the city gladly exchanged their Muntinlupa property to the Bilibid facilities when
the Bilibid Prisons was looking for a relocation site.
 CAMP BUKANG LIWAYWAY – a minimum security facility
 CAMP SAMPAGUITA - institutions found in it are Reception and Diagnostic Center
(RDC), Medium Security Unit, and Youth Rehabilitation Center.
 Correction Practice in the Philippines

San Ramon Prison and Penal Farm (1869)

 Zamboanga Peninsula(Zamboanga City)
 Convicted Moro “insurrectos’
 It is a banishment site for political non-conformist
 It was named in memory of its founder Ramon Blanco, a Spanish
Captain in the Royal Army
 Area of 1,524.6 hectares, the principal product of San Ramon is copra,
which is one of the biggest sources of income of the Bureau of Prisons
 Presently, it houses maximum, medium and minimum security
prisoners
 It now also accepts convicts who were directly committed by the courts
in the area
 Correction Practice in the Philippines

Iwahig Penal Colony

 It was established on the orders of Governor Forbes, then the
incumbent Secretary of Commerce and Police
 The establishment of this penal facility was made on the suggestion of
Gov. Luke E. Wright who felt the need for an institution designed for
incorrigible offenders
 This penal institution is considered as one of the most open penal
institution in the world. It was from this facility that the term
“Prison Without Walls” had its beginning
 Iwahig is divided into four sub-colonies (a) Santa Lucia (b)
Inagawan (c) Montible (d) Central
 Tagumpay Settlement – a place assigned to a release inmates who
no longer had any desire to return to their original homes and
who instead settle good in Palawan
 Correction Practice in the Philippines

Correctional Institution for Women

 It was established on November 27, 1929 by virtue of R.A. 3579.

 Was constructed in an 18-hectare piece of land in Mandaluyong City.

 Before the establishment of this institution, women prisoners were

confined in portion of the Bilibid Prison

 In 1934, the position of female Superintendent was created to supervise

the operation of the facility
 Correction Practice in the Philippines

Davao Penal Colony

 established in January 31, 1932 by virtue of R.A. 3732 and
Proclamation 414 series of 1931
 Retired General Paulino Santos, the incumbent prison Director at
the time led the first contingent of prisoner that opened the colony
which covers an area about 18,000 hectares
 At present, the Davao Penal Colony houses medium and minimum
security prisoners
 It is now the biggest abaca plantation in the country
 It has two sub-colonies (a) panabo (b) kapalong
 Tanglaw Settlement
 Correction Practice in the Philippines

Reception and Diagnostic Center

 It was established in 1953 by Virtue of Administrative Order issued by

the Secretary of Justice

 The center was established to enable the Bureau of Corrections to

conduct a more effective rehabilitation of prisoners committed.
 Correction Practice in the Philippines

Sablayan Penal Colony and Farm

 September 27, 1954, the President of the Philippines issued

Proclamation No. 72 allocating 16,000 hectares of land in Sablayan,
Occidental Mindoro for the setting up of another penal colony

 Established to meet the increasing population of prisoner in NBP.

 The penal colony is designed for minimum security prisoners

 The principal activity is agriculture

 Correction Practice in the Philippines

Manila Office

 Another unique facility that was built by the Bureau is the Manila
Office, which was originally holding a facility for prisoners working as
orderlies in the different offices of the Department of Justice at Padre
Faura, Manila.

 It was converted to a regular penal institution following the riots in the

NBP in 1958. The hardwood shop of the Prison Industries Office was
pinpointed as the source of deadly weapons used by the rioting
prisoners. As a consequence, the hardwood shop was transferred to the
Manila Office to cut the source of weapons in the NBP.
 Correction Practice in the Philippines

Leyte Regional Prison

 The last penal facility to be built by the Bureau of Prisons in Abuyog,

Leyte.

 This was established in January 16, 1973 on the orders issued under
Martial Law by President Ferdinand E. Marcos
 BUCOR
 Convicts committed to the BUCOR for confinement are brought for
admission at the RDC. The RDC at the New Bilibid reservation will
receive prisoners coming from all over the country EXCEPT those
sentenced by courts having jurisdiction for the provinces of
ZAMBOANGA DEL NORTE AND DEL SUR, BASILAN, SULU, AND
TAWI-TAWI will be brought to the SAN RAMON PRISON AND
PENAL FARM.

 What is the purpose of RDC?

 Individualized treatment program.
 BUCOR
 Sentenced prisoners slapped with the death penalty are not eligible for
admission and classification at the RDC, the SC brings them directly to
the death row where they will wait automatic review of their case.
 Female inmates for incarceration as national prisoners or those with
more than three years maximum sentence will be brought directly to
the CIW.
 Inmates with pending case will be put in quarantine in a designated
cell at the RDC for a minimum of five days.
 BUCOR
Classification Board:
 Classify inmates as to security status and privilege
 Penal Supt – Chairman
 MaximumSecurity
 sentenced to death
 20 years minimum sentence
 Remand inmates or detainees with 20 years minimum sentence
 Sentence under review by the SC
 Sentence under appeal
 Those with pending cases
 Recidivist
 Habitual delinquents
 Escapees
 BUCOR
 Those under disciplinary punishment or safekeeping
 Criminally insane or with severe personality disorder or emotional
disorder
 Inmates still confined at RDC

 Medium Security
 Less than 20 years sentence
 Remand inmates or detainees below 20 years sentence
 18 years and below regardless of case or sentence
 Those who have 2 or more escape records but have served 8 years since
recommitment
 Those who have served at least five years as maximum security
 BUCOR
Minimum Security
 Those with severe physical handicap as certified by the chief prison
medical officer
 65 years old and above and not on appeal or with out pending case
 Those who have served at least ½ of their minimum sentence or 1/3 of
their maximum sentence excluding GCTA
 Those with only 6 months to serve before expiration of maximum
sentence.
 BUCOR
What are the Classification of Inmates?
1. Detainee – those whose cases are or have other pending cases.
2. Third Class Inmate: those who have previously committed as a
sentenced prisoner for three times or more except cases involving
non-payment of fines, or those whose classification were reduced
from a higher class.
3. Second Class Inmate: newly arrived inmates committed for the first
time, or demoted from the higher class or promoted from the lower
class
4. First Class Inmates: those with known character and credit for work
while in detention or promoted from a lower class.
 BUCOR
5. Colonist: served with good conduct, at least 1/5 of his maximum
sentence, or has served seven years in case of life sentence.

What are the Privileges of Colonist?

1. Additional 5 days for GCTA for each calendar month on top of the
five regular five days GCTA granted under Art 197 of the RPC(Act No.
2489 – Industrial Good Time Law)
2. 30 years from life imprisonment
3. To bring his family or the woman he will marry to live with him.
@Husband and wife inmates may serve their sentence together in a prison
and penal farm as soon ….colonist.
 BUCOR
@the primary law governing the Phil Correctional System is Sections
1705-1751 of the RAC.
@Minimum security inmates may also be transferred to a stockade of the
AFP except:
1. Death convict or life termer
2. Previous record of escape
3. Recidivist
4. Sentenced for moral turpitude
5. Female
6. Previously transferred at AFP stockade
7. More than 50 years old
8. Resident of a place with in 100 km
9. Has a pending case or witness to a pending criminal case.
 BUCOR
How about those ineligible inmates?
1. Physically or psychologically fit for the rehabilitation program in the
colony
2. Such assignment is therapeutically beneficial to the inmate.

Who will approve the inmate to go out of prison for medical examination,
treatment, or hospitalization or to view the remains of a deceased
relative?
 Secretary of Justice.

Who are the inmates allowed to view the deceased relative?

 Medium or minimum security
 BUCOR
Other Considerations:
 Within 30 kilometer radius
 Not to exceed 3 hours
 Where distance is more than 30 kilometers – return to his prison
during daylight of the same day.
 The visiting inmate shall not be allowed to pass any place in transit, or
to join the funeral.

@the period of preventive detention rendered by a detainee during the

pendency of the trial maybe credited to his sentence in full if he had
agreed in writing to abide by the same regimen imposed on sentenced
inmates… except-recidivist.
 BUCOR
 Under Section 98 and 158 of the RPC, Special Time Allowance for
loyalty equivalent to 1/5 of the sentence shall be deducted from the
inmates sentence if, after the inmate abandoned prison due to disorder
arising from conflagration, earthquake, explosion, or similar cases, or
during a mutiny in which the inmate did not participate, voluntarily
submits himself to the authorities within 48 hours following the
issuance of proclamation announcing the ending of the calamity.

 Under Article 99 of the RPC, GCTA’s and STA’s are granted by the
Director of the BUCOR.
 BUCOR
 Inmates who demonstrated good behavior shall be entitled to a 5-
minute phone call to an authorized individual every 90 days.

 Inmates who are foreign nationals are allowed to communicate with

their diplomatic and consular representative.

 An infant born to an inmate mother maybe allowed to stay with the

mother for not more than 1 year.
 EXECUTIVE CLEMENCY
1. Pardon: Privilege extended to a convict as a discretionary act of grace.

2. Amnesty: a general pardon extended to a certain class of people who

are usually political prisoners.

3. Reprieve: the temporary stay of the execution of the sentence.

4. Commutation of Sentence: the reduction of the duration of a prison

sentence.
Under Article 99 of the RPC…
The good conduct or behavior of an
inmate shall entitle him to the following
deductions from the period of his
sentenced:
 During the first two (2) years of
imprisonment, he shall be allowed a
deduction of five (5) days for each
month of good behavior;
 During the third to the fifth years,
inclusive of his imprisonment, he
shall be allowed a deduction of
eight (8) days for each month of
good behavior;
 During the following years until
the tenth year, inclusive of his
imprisonment, he shall be allowed a
deduction of ten (10) days for each
month of good behavior
Under Article 97 of RA 10592…
The good conduct of any offender
qualified for preventive imprisonment or
of any convicted prisoner in any penal
institution, rehabilitation or any other local
jail shall entitle him to the following
deductions from the period of his
sentence:
 During the first two (2) years of
imprisonment, he shall be allowed a
deduction of twenty (20) for each
month of good behavior during
detention;
 During the third to fifth year, inclusive
of his imprisonment, he shall be
allowed a reduction of twenty three
(23) days for each month of good
behavior during detention;
 During the following years until the
tenth year, inclusive of his
imprisonment, he shall be allowed a
deduction of twenty five (25) days for
each month of good behavior during
detention
Under Article 99 of the RPC… Under Article 97 of RA 10592…
 During the eleventh and  During the eleventh and
successive years of successive years of his
imprisonment, he shall be allowed imprisonment, he shall be allowed a
a deduction of fifteen (15) days for deduction of thirty (30) days for
each month of good behavior each month of good behavior during
detention; and
COMPUTATION OF GCTA
- Calendar months and years are
considered reference to sentences
and time served, while thirty (30) days
constitute a month in computing GCTA
credits.
GCTA OF A DETAINEE
- A detainee shall only be granted
GCTA if he voluntarily offers in writing
to perform such labor as may be
assigned to him. In such a case, the
credit he may receive shall be
deducted from sentence as may be
imposed upon him if he is convicted.
Under Article 99 of the RPC…
GCTA OF A LIFE TERMER
- An inmate sentenced to life
imprisonment shall not be granted
GCTA while his sentenced is on
appeal
REVOCATION OF GCTA
- GCTA once granted shall not be
revoked without just cause
RESTORATION OF GCTA
- The GCTA which an inmate is
deprived of because of misconduct
may be restored at the discretion of
the Director upon the recommendation
of the Superintendent
Under Article 97 of RA 10592…
 At any time during the period of
imprisonment, he shall be allowed a
deduction of thirty (30) days, in
addition to numbers one to four
hereof, for each month of study,
teaching or mentoring service time
rendered
“An appeal by the accused shall not
deprive him of entitlement to the above
allowances for good conduct”.
Under Article 99 of the RPC…
SPECIAL TIME ALLOWANCE FOR
LOYALTY
- A deduction of one fifth(1/5) of
the period of his sentence shall be
granted to an inmate who, after
evading the service of his sentence on
the occasion of a disorder resulting
from a conflagration, earthquake,
explosion, or similar catastrophe, or
during a mutiny in which he has not
participated, gives himself up
voluntarily to the authorities within
forty eight (48) hours following the
issuance of a proclamation
announcing the passing away of such
calamity.
Under Article 97 of RA 10592…
SPECIAL TIME ALLOWANCE FOR
LOYALTY
- A deduction of one fifth (1/5) of
the period of his sentence shall be
granted to any prisoner who, having
evaded his preventive imprisonment or
the service of his sentence under the
circumstances mentioned in Article 158
of this Code, gives himself up to the
authorities within forty eight (48) hours
following the issuance of a proclamation
announcing the passing away of the
calamity or catastrophe referred to in
said article. A deduction of two-
fifths(2/5) of the period of his sentence
shall be granted in case said prisoner
chose to stay in the place of his
confinement notwithstanding the
existence of a calamity or catastrophe
enumerated in Art 158 of this Code
WHO GRANTS GCTA
Under Article 99 of the RPC…
The Director of the Bureau of
Corrections may grant GCTA to
an inmate who displays good
behavior and who has no record
of breach of discipline or violation
of prison rules and regulations
Under Article 97 of RA 10592…
Whenever lawfully justified, the
Director of the Bureau of
Corrections, the Chief of the Bureau
of Jail Management and Penology
and /or the Warden of a provincial,
district, municipal or city jail shall
grant allowances for good conduct.
Such allowances once granted shall
not be revoke.
INTRODUCTION
The Philippines, just like many other countries in
the world, is actively pursuing its commitment in
the international community as set forth in the
United Nations Standard Minimum Rules for
Non- Custodial Measures (The Tokyo Rules)
regarding the treatment of its criminal offenders.
It has long been accepted that the search for
alternatives to incarceration of offenders should
take priority in the sentencing arena if we are to
really address the issue of prison effectiveness,
overcrowding and the consequential
psychological harm resulting from prolonged or
unnecessary incarceration.
 The Philippines has offered many alternatives to
incarceration of its criminal offenders and this alternative
can generally be grouped as intervention of in the pre-
sentencing or post-sentencing stage of the criminal justice
process.
 Probation and parole system that is widely used and can be
considered as the best alternative for a community-based
rehabilitation program.
 Other alternative to incarceration that are practiced in the
Philippines are also presented, such as community service,
fines, release on recognizance, bail and diversion, which is
specifically suited for minors or children in conflict with
law and greatly enhanced with the passage of Republic Act
9344.
 PRISON-BASED CRIME
PREVENTION AND
REHABILITATION PROGRAMS
 Social-Moral and Values Formation and
Spiritual/Religious Activities

These activities are accomplished through

seminars, Lecture or training offered or
arranged by the office, most of the time inviting
outside resource person and availing of their
service for free. Active Non-Governmental
Organization, Local Government Units, lay
ministers and their ministries, school and
faculty associations provide much help in
facilitating the conduct of these activities.
 Income Generating Program/Work and
Livelihood
The Administration initiates a self-sustaining
livelihood program to ensure that a client can
provide basic necessities for himself and his or
her family. Field officer conduct/organize
seminars for a home-based, labor intensive
economic activity, in coordination with local
government units, non-government
organization and civic organizations which can
assist the clients in the pursuit of feasible
livelihood projects.
 Skills Training

Productivity and economic sufficiency of

clients during the process of reintegration is
one of the objectives of the Administration
aimed to achieve for the clients, such that
clients with inadequate technical know-
how are encourage and referred for skills
training to enhance/acquire marketable
skill to make them more competitive for
employment.
 Environmental and Ecology

To instill awareness of and concern for

preserving ecological balance and
environmental health, seminars/
lectures tackle anti-smoke belching
campaigns, organic farming, waste
management, segregation and disposal
and proper care of the environment
 Health and Medical Services

To address some of the basic needs of clients and their

families, medical missions are organize to provide
various forms of medical and health services including
physical examination and treatment, free medicines
and vitamins, dental examination and treatment, drug
dependency test and laboratory examinations,
Psychological testing and evaluation as well as
psychiatric treatment are likewise provided by the
Administration’s Clinical Division and if not possible by
reason of distance, referrals are made to other
government accredited institutions.
 Literacy Program
In co-ordination with local government unit
programs, adult education classes are availed of
help clients learn basic writing, reading and
arithmetic. Likewise, Literacy teach-ins during any
sessions conducted for clients become part of the
module. This is particularly intended for clients who
are “no read, no write” to help them become
functionally literate. Likewise, there are regular
linkage with educational foundation, other
government organization and non-government
organizations for free school supplies, bags and
uniforms for clients ‘ children and relatives.
 Sports and Physical Fitness

Activities that provide physical exertion like

sports, games and group play are conducted to
enhance the physical wellbeing of clients. Friendly
competitions of clients from the various offices of
the sectors, together with the officers, provide an
enjoyable and healthful respite
 PROGRAMME FOR THE
REHABILITATION OF CLIENTS

It is a community – based, harmonized three-

prolonged approach to crime prevention and
treatment of offenders with restorative justice as its
philosophical foundation, therapeutic community its
unifying structure and volunteerism its lead
community resource. It can also be described as an
individualized, community-based program using
therapeutic community as the treatment modality that
integrates restorative justice principles and practice
and practices and mobilizes community involvement
through volunteerism.
 Therapeutic Community
Based on the Social Learning Model, which utilizes the
community as the primary therapeutic vehicle to foster
behavioral and attitudinal change. In this model, the client
receives the information and impetus to change from being
a part of a community. The expectations that the community
places on its individual member reflect not only the needs of the
individual, but also the social and support needs of the
community. This community model provides social
expectations, which are parallel to the social demands that the
client confront upon discharge to their home community. The
attitudes, skills and responsibilities learned in the community
are not only necessary for survival, but also essential to surviving
in the larger community.
At the LA UNION PROVINCIAL
JAIL