EARTH SCIENCE

• Module 1 is about Volcanoes,

• Module 2 is about Climate
• Module 3 is about Constellations

• In module 2, the you should be able to:

• 1. differentiate active and inactive volcanoes;
• 2. describe the different types of volcanoes;
• 3. explain what happens when volcanoes erupt; and
• 4. illustrate how energy from volcanoes may be tapped
for human use.
VOLCANO
 VOLCANO
• is a natural opening in the surface of the Earth
where molten rocks, hot gases, smoke and ash
are ejected.
 Most active volcanoes
• 1. Mount Mayon – Albay 2. Taal Volcano – Batangas
• 50 times since 1616 up to present. (33 times)

• 3.) Mount Kanlaon – Negros Oriental. 4) Mount Bulusan – Sorsogon-

• 25 times from 1886 up to present., 15 times from 1886 up to 2007

• 5. Mount Makaturing – Lanao del Sur-

• erupted 10 times since 1882.
 VOLCANO
vent

• A volcano is a vent or
'chimney' that connects
cone molten rock (magma)
from within the Earth’s
crust to the Earth's
surface.
• The volcano includes the
conduit
surrounding cone of
erupted material.

magma chamber
A fissure vent opened on Hawaii's
Kilauea volcano.
 CLASSIFICATION OF VOLCANOES
• Classifying volcanoes most often refers to
their life cycle
• Volcanoes can also be classified by type, that
is, the structure and composition of the
volcano
• Volcanoes can also be classified as to the kind
of eruption they produce
 CLASSIFICATION OF VOLCANOES
• Active- volcanoes are those that have a record
of eruption within the last 600 years or those
that erupted 10, 000 years ago based on
analyses of their materials
• Inactive volcanoes, on the other hand, are
those that have not erupted for the last 10,
000 years and their physical form is being
changed by agents of weathering and erosion
through formation of deep and long gullies
 Based on Life Cycle
• Active- A volcano will be classified as an active
volcano if at the present time it is expected to erupt
or is erupting already.
• Dormant- a volcano that is not erupting or predicted
to erupt in the near future. However, it has done so
in recordable history.
• A dormant volcano is also expected to have an
eruption sometime in the future
• Extinct- a volcano that no one
• expects will ever have another
• eruption.
 3 common/basic
• Composite or strato volcano
• Shield Volcano
• Cinder Volcanoes
 Here are 4 of the volcanoes that
comprise the big island of Hawaii.
 Composite Volcano
• cone-shaped volcanoes
composed of layers of lava,
ash and rock debris.
• can grow to heights of
8,000 feet or more
 Shield volcanoes
• are broad, domed-shaped volcanoes with long,
gently sloped sides. If you were to fly over top of a
shield volcano, it would resemble a warrior's shield,
hence the name.
Olympus mons on planet Mars
• steep, cone-shaped Cinder-cone Volcano
volcanoes built from lava
fragments called
'cinders.' These volcanic
cinders, also known as
'scoria,' are glassy
volcanic fragments that
explode from the
volcano and cool quickly.
Identify what type of volcano
What is caldera?
 Magma Viscosity

• Viscosity increases with increasing silica

content due to silica chains
 Some factors influencing viscosity or
rate of shear strain are listed below:
• temperature
• flow velocity and duration
• gas content
• flow dimensions
• lava vesicularity- small cavity in a rock (pockets)
• ground slope
• crystallinity
• channel configuration
 Types of LAVA (flows)

• There are three types

of lava flows:
• pillow lava,
• pahoehoe, ( pa-hoy-hoy)
• a'a. ( ah-ah)
 PILLOW LAVA
• Pillow lavas are
volumetrically the
most abundant type
because they are
erupted at mid-ocean
ridges and because
they make up the
submarine portion of
seamounts and large
intraplate volcanoes
pahoehoe, ( pa-hoy-hoy)
• is the second most
abundant type
of lava flow.
• Pahoehoe lava is
characterized by a
smooth, billowy, or
ropy surface.
A’a (ah ah)
• A'a is characterized by a
rough, jagged, spinose,
and generally clinkery
surface. Aa lava flows
tend to be relatively
thick compared to
pahoehoe flows
 Terms to remember:
• Andesite- a type of volcanic rock . This gray to
black rock is composed of 54 to 62% of silica ,
iron and magnesium
• Volcanic ash- a harsh abrasive type of ash
• ( unlike as from wood fire)
• that is made up of mineral
• and volcanic glass fragments
 Terms to remember:
• Atmospheric shock wave- compressed air that
is formed by a volcanic eruption

• Pyroclastic flow- a fluidized mixture of solid to

semi-solid fragments and hot , expending
gases that flows down the sides of volcano .
 Terms to remember:
• LAHAR- a type of mudflow or debris flow
composed of pyroclastic material, rocky debris
and water. The material flows down from a
volcano , typically along a river
• Pumice- a light porous volcanic rock that
forms during explosive eruptions. It resembles
a sponge because it consist
• of a network of gas bubbles
• frozen amidst fragile volcanic
• glass and minerals
 FACTS
• Kilauea and Muana Loa, Hawaii: Each tends to
erupt every two or three years; eruptions are
non-explosive, allowing these two volcanoes to
be among the most studied active volcanoes in
the world.
• 1991: After 600 years of dormancy, Mount
Pinatubo in the Philippines rumbled for days
before erupting and killing about 750 people. Ash
was more than 6 feet deep in a two-mile radius
around the volcano, and buried a U.S. air base 15
miles away.
 MAGMA PLUME
• A mantle plume is an
upwelling of abnormally
hot rock within the
Earth's mantle.
• As the heads of mantle
plumes can partly melt
when they reach shallow
depths, they are thought
to be the cause of
volcanic centers known as
hotspots and probably
also to have caused flood
basalts.
Types of Eruption
 Types of volcanic eruptions
1. PHREATIC OR
HYDROTHERMAL
is a stream-driven eruption
as the hot rocks come in
contact with water. It is
short-lived, characterized
by ash columns but may be
an onset for of a larger
eruption.
Types of volcanic eruptions
2. PHREATOMAGMATIC
is a violent eruption due
to the contact between
water and magma. As a
result, a large column of
very fine ash and high-
speed and sideway
emission of pyroclastics
called base surges are
observed
 Types of volcanic eruptions
• STROMBOLIAN -a periodic weak to violent
eruption characterized by fountain lava, just
like the Irazu Volcano in Costa Rica.
 Types of volcanic eruptions
• Hawaiian Eruption
• n a Hawaiian eruption, fluid
basaltic lava is thrown into
the air in jets from a vent or
line of vents (a fissure) at the
summit or on the flank of a
volcano. The jets can last for
hours or even days, a
phenomenon known as fire
fountaining.
 Types of volcanic eruptions
• VULCANIAN – characterized by
tall eruption columns that reach
up to 20 km high with pyroclastic
flow and ashfall tephra like that
of Paricutin Volcano in Mexico.
 Types of volcanic eruptions
• PLINIAN – excessively explosive type of
eruption of gas and pyroclastics, just like our
Pinatubo Volcano in Zambales.
 Types of volcanic eruptions
SURTSEYAN ERUPTIONS are a
kind of hydromagmatic eruption,
where magma or lava interacts
explosively with water. In most
cases, Surtseyan eruptions occur
when an undersea volcano has
finally grown large enough to
break the water's surface;
because water expands when it
turns to steam, water that comes
into contact with hot lava
explodes and creates plumes of
ash, steam and scoria.
 “HOT SPOT”
• A volcanic "hotspot" is an area in the mantle
from which heat rises as a thermal plume
from deep in the Earth.
 What is geothermal energy?

• Geothermal energy is the heat from the

Earth. It's clean and sustainable.
Resources of geothermal energy range
from the shallow ground to hot water
and hot rock found a few miles beneath
the Earth's surface, and down even
deeper to the extremely high
temperatures of molten rock called
magma
 How is the geothermal energy used?

• geothermal power plants

• geothermal heat pumps.

• In geothermal power plants, the heat from

deep inside the Earth is used to produce
steam to generate electricity compared with
geothermal heat pumps that use the heat
coming from close to the Earth’s surface to
heat water or provide heat for buildings.
 Capacit
Station Commissioned Community
y (MW)

Bacon-Manito Geothermal Power Plant 150 Bacon, Sorsogon

Ormoc City, Leyte
Leyte Geothermal Production Field 700.9
(province)
Maibara Geothermal Power Plant 20 2014 Santo Tomas,_Batangas
Makiling-Banahaw Geothermal Power 1979, 1980, 1984,
480 Brgy. Bitin, Bay, Laguna
Plant 1996
Malaya Geothermal Power Plant 650 1970, 2012 Pililla,_Rizal
Malitbog, Southern
Malitbog Geothermal Power Station 232.5 1996
Leyte
Kidapawan City, North
Mindanao Geothermal Production Field 106
Cotabato
Northern Negros Geothermal Production
49.4 NW of Kanlaon Volcano
Field
1983, 1993 - 1994, Valencia, Negros
Palinpinon Geothermal Power Plant 192.5
1995 Oriental
Tiwi Geothermal Power Plant 275 1979 Tiwi, Albay
VIDEO on GEOTHERMAL ENERGY
 PROS and CONS
• PROS
• Almost entirely emission free
• Zero carbon
• No fuel required
• Not subjected to fluctuations ( solar and wind)
• not susceptible to price fluctuation
• Simple and reliable
 CONS
• High costs for building
• Prime sites are very specific
• Losses due to long distance transmission
• Drilling is very difficult
• High water usage
• Minimum of 350 F ( 176.667 C) is required
• High maintenance
 Geothermal Energy Facts
• The United States produces more wattage of
electricity with geothermal than any other nation,
but Iceland produces the highest percentage of its
electricity with the technology of all nations.
Installed geothermal electric capacity

Capacity Capacity Percentage Percentage

Country (MW) (MW) of national of global
2007 2010 electricity geothermal
production production

United States 2687 3086 0.3 29

Philippines 1969.7 1904 27 18
Indonesia 992 1197 3.7 11
Mexico 953 958 3 9
Iceland 421.2 575 30 5
 Geysers
• A geyser is a rare kind
of hot spring that is
under pressure
and erupts, sending
jets of water
and steam into the
air.
 How do volcanic eruptions affect the
society?
• Death and destruction
• Released poisonous gas
• Agricultural land destroyed
• Glacier melting ( iceland)
• Air traffic
• Enriched the soil and it help in creating the earth’s early
atmosphere
• Attracts tourist
• Geothermal energy generation
 Signs of an impending volcanic
eruption
• 1. Increase in the frequency of volcanic quakes with
rumbling sounds; occurrence of volcanic tremors;
• 2. Increased steaming activity; change in color of steam
emission from white to gray due to entrained ash;
• 3. Crater glow due to presence of magma at or near
the crater;
• 4. Ground swells (or inflation), ground tilt and ground
fissuring due to magma intrusion;
• 5. Localized landslides, rockfalls and landslides from
the summit area which not attributable to heavy rains;
• 6. Noticeable increase in the extent of drying up of
vegetation around the volcano's upper slopes
• 7. Increase in the temperature of hot springs, wells
(e.g., Bulusan and Canlaon) and crater lake (e.g., Taal)
near the volcano;
• 8. Noticeable variation in the chemical content of
springs, crater lakes within the vicinity of the volcano;
• 9. Drying up of springs/wells around the volcano; and,
• 10. Development of new thermal areas and/or
reactivation of old ones; appearance of solfataras.