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Remark: According to the formula above, we can see that the threshold values
are always changing according to the quantity of V2&I2 (which means that they
vary with the fault current/voltage)
© OMICRON July 15, 2019 Page: 4
The value of Z2F&Z2R is usually allowed to be set by
customer, but in case the setting E32 = "Auto“, the value of
Z2F&Z2R will be changed automatically with formula below.
Remark: According to the formula above, we can see that the threshold values
are always changing according to the quantity of V0&I0 (which means they
vary with the fault current/voltage similar to the 32Q element)
© OMICRON July 15, 2019 Page: 7
The value of Z0F&Z0R is allowed to be set by customer similar
to Z2F&Z2R but in case the setting E32 = "Auto“, the value of
Z0F&Z0R will be changed automatically with formula below.
V2 = I2 x ( ZR2 + ZL2 )
V2 / I2 = ( ZR2 + ZL2 )
Safety margin
At relay point , Z2 = 0
Safety margin
At relay point , Z0 = 0
In case the setting E32 = AUTO then these parameters is automatically defined
According to the information from previous slide most of the setting parameters
are used to define which ground directional element is active (32Q, 32V or 32I.)
Only the parameters Z2F&Z2R and Z0F&Z0R are used to define the
characteristic of the directional elements
© OMICRON July 15, 2019 Page: 13
As mentioned before, in case the setting E32 = AUTO, then the threshold
value is automatically calculated according the setting of Z1MAG for 32Q,
and Z0MAG for 32V
The angle of line impedance (Z1 and Z0) is also used to calculate Z2 and Z0
according the formula in previous slide
Example: Zone3&4
(FWD/REV direction)
(FWD)
Directional Element
??????
??????
??????
Impedance Plane
Margin between
FWD & REV
90 deg
Test Current
32QR (REV)
32QF (FWD)
32V Element
32Q Element
ORDER = "QVI"
ORDER = "VQI"
32Q Element
ORDER = "QVI"
ORDER = "VQI"
32Q Element
??????
what happen!
© OMICRON July 15, 2019 Page: 44
Test result according to the setting on previous slide with
constant test current method 5A :
??????
Why?