SHINTA NOVELIA, S.

ST, MNS

UNIVERSITAS NASIONAL
FAKULTAS ILMU KESEHATAN
PROGRAM STUDI DIPLOMA IV KEBIDANAN
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Students clearly identify the

differences between direct and
indirect speech
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 Indirect speech = Reported Speech = Indirect

Narration / Indirect Discourse.
 In grammar, when you report someone else’s
statement in your own words without any
change in the meaning of the statement is called
indirect speech.
 Quoting a person’s words without using his own
word and bringing about any change in the
meaning of the statement is a reported speech.
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• Direct Speech: She says, “I am a little bit nervous.”

• Indirect Speech: She says that she is a little bit nervous.
 In the first sentence, the reporter conveys the message of
the girl using her actual words i.e., “I am a little bit
nervous.” In the second sentence, the reporter conveys her
message but in his own words without any change in the
meaning. Thus, both direct and indirect speeches are two
different ways of reporting a statement of person.
 In simple words, quoting a person using your own words is
called an indirect speech.
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Pronoun

Tenses

situations

Questions and answers

Actions : promises, orders, requests, advice etc.

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 Direct Speech
John said, “I am coming.”
 Indirect Speech:
John said that he was coming.
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 Direct Speech
John said, “I am coming.”
 Indirect Speech
John said that he was coming.
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If Reporting Verb is in Past Tense, then Reported

Verb will be changed as per following criterion:
Present Tense is changed into Past Tense. For
example:
 Direct Speech: They said, “They take exercise every
day.”
 Indirect Speech: They said that they took exercise
every day.
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 Present Continuous is changed into Past Continuous Tense.

Direct Speech: They said, “They are taking exercise every day.”
Indirect Speech: They said that they were taking exercise every day.
 Present Perfect is changed into Past Perfect Tense.
Direct Speech: They said, “They have taken exercise.”
Indirect Speech: They said that they had taken exercise.
 Present Perfect Continuous Tense is changed into Past Perfect
Continuous Tense.
Direct Speech: They said, “They have been taking exercise since
morning.”
Indirect Speech: They said that they had been taking exercise since
morning.
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 Past tense is changed into Past Perfect Tense.

Direct Speech: They said, “They took exercise.”
Indirect Speech: They said that they had
taken exercise.

 Past Continuous Tense is changed into Past Perfect

Continuous Tense.
Direct Speech: They said, “They were
taking exercise.”
Indirect Speech: They said that they had been
taking exercise.
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 No changes are required to be made into Past Perfect and

Past Perfect Continuous Tenses.
Direct Speech: They said, “They had taken exercise.”
Indirect Speech: They said that they had taken exercise.
 In Future Tense, while no changes are made except
SHALL and WILL are changed into WOULD.
Direct Speech: They said, “They will take exercise.”
Indirect Speech: They said that they would take exercise.
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 Direct Speech

John said, “I did this exercise last night.”

 Indirect Speech

John said that he had done that exercise the previous

night.
• 'this' becomes 'that'
• 'last night' becomes 'the previous night'
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Direct Speech Indirect Speech

This That
Here There
Now Then
Today That day
Yesterday The day before/ the previous day
Tomorrow The next day
Last week The week before/ the previous week
Next month The following month
ago Before
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 Direct Speech

1 John asked her, “Are you coming?” (yes/no question)

2 John asked, “Where is Mary?” (wh-question)
 Indirect Speech

1 John asked if / whether she was coming.

2 John asked where Mary was.
• yes/no questions - use if/whether

• wh-questions - use the wh-word

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 Direct Speech

John ordered Bill, “Clean my boots.”

 Indirect Speech

John ordered Bill to clean his boots. (object + to

+ infinitive)
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Other examples of WH-questions:

 Direct Speech

My friend asked "How are you?"

 Indirect Speech

My friend asked how I was.

TRANSFORMATION PROCESS:
1) Put the subject before the verb.

2) Change the pronoun: you to I

3) Join the clauses using the how, who, whom, where,

when, why
4) Adjust the 2nd verb to the time frame of the 1st verb.
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examples of WH-questions
 My friend said, "Where are you going?"
My friend asked where I was going.

 My friend said, " Whom did you call?"

My friend asked whom I had called.

 My friend said, " Whom I was calling?"

My friend asked whom I had been calling.

 My friend said, " Where have you been?"

My friend asked where I had been.
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• He asked me, "What did she say?"

He asked me what she had said.

• He asked me, "When are you leaving?"

He asked me when I was leaving.

• He asked me, "Who is coming for dinner?"

He asked me who was coming for dinner.

• He asked me, "How many times have you seen that

movie?"
He asked me how many times I had seen that movie.
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• He asked me, "What time is it?"

He asked me what time it was.

• He asked me, "How old are you?"

He asked me how old I was.

 Brown, H.D. (2004). Language assessment: Principle and classroom
practices. NewYork: Longman, Pearson Education, In
 Buck, G. (2001). Assessing listening. Cambridge: Cambridge University
Press.
 Saukah, A. (2000). The English profeciency of the academics of the
teacher training and education institutions. Jurnal Ilmu Pendidikan, 7,
67-76.
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Thank You