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 Meaning

 Within the power structure of every society certain vital,

integral individuals operate within groups to
promote,stimulate,guide,or otherwise influence members
to action. Such activity has been called leadership
 Individuals referred to as leaders

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 Leaders are also called as power holders, men of
power, power center and power elite.

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Functions of leadership
According to Bernard,a leader performs four main
functions:-
 Determination of objective
 Manipulation of means
 Control of instrumentality of action
 Stimulation of coordination action

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 Definitions
 According to Niderfrank, “leadership is essential in
simply influencing attitudes and actions of one or more
persons leading towards the achievement or so purpose.”
 According to Mazumdar,H.T. “The leader is one who
has power and authority”
• According to Terry, "Activity of influencing people to
strive willingly for mutual objectives”

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 Leadership always involves attempts on the part of a
leader to affect the behavior of a follower or followers
in a situation.

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 Elements of leadership
(i) It denotes a mutual behavior pattern between the leaders
and his followers
(ii) The followers influence the behavior of leader as the
leader influences behavior
(iii) Without followers there is no leadership
(iv) It is specific to specific situation

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Types of Leadership
 According to Max Weber
Traditional leadership
Bureaucratic leadership
Charismatic Leadership
 According to Bogardus
Direct & indirect leadership
Social, executive and mental leadership
Partisans and scientific leadership etc..

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Other types of leadership according to Indian system
are:-

• Traditional leaders
• Caste leaders
• Religious leaders
• Political leaders
• Functional leaders
• Opinion leaders

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Authoritarian leadership

Democratic leadership

Laissez faire leadership

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Leadership Techniques
 Authoritarian leadership
Here the leader determine policy procedures. Others have
no role.

• Democratic leadership
Leader encourages activity or participation in the group.
Members take more participative role in decision making

 Laissez faire leadership

Here leaders are hands off and allow group members to
take decisions. It leads to lowest productivity.

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 Great Man Theory

 Popularized by Thomas Carlyle

 Year: 1840's
 Pro's
Starting point for the understanding of which human traits
make great leaders
 Con's
 Leadership is a restricted community
 No scientific validity

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 Great Man Theory

Assumptions
 Leaders are born and not made and possess certain traits
which are inherited
 Great leaders can arise when there is great need

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 Great Man Theory

 "Great leaders are God-gifted, not man-made“

 This quote reflects the results conveyed by a very

popular theory known as Great Man Theory of Leadership,
which relates to the fact that leadership traits are inbuilt.

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 Great Man Theory

Criticism
Many of the traits cited as being are masculine traits. In
contemporary research ,there significant shift in mentality.

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 Trait Theory of Leadership(1930’s-1940’s)

Assumptions
• People are born with inherited traits
• Some traits are particularly suitable to leadership
• People whom make good leaders have right combination
of traits

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LEADERSHIP TRAITS

Ambition and energy

Desire to lead

Honest and integrity

Self-confidence

Intelligence

High self monitoring

Job relevant knowledge

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 Trait Theory of Leadership
 This theory believes that people are either born or made
with certain qualities that will excel them in leadership
traits.
 Ralph M.Stadgil found various researchers have
related some specific trait to leadership ability
 It include 5physical traits, four intelligence &ability
traits,16 personality trait,6task related character and 9
social character

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 Trait Theory of Leadership

 It is aroused from “Great man theory”

 That is people inherit certain qualities and traits for
leadership
 It was believed that by this leadership traits can be
isolated and people with such traits can be recruited and
selected
 This theory is still used in military for selection of
candidates

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 Advantages

 It is naturally pleasing theory

 It is valid as lot of research has validated the foundation
and basis of theory
 It gives detailed understanding and knowledge about
leader element.

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 Disadvantages

 People with the above characters are not always

becoming leaders
 People who lack those characters such as courage
,extroversion.. Are becoming leaders
 The theory is very complex

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 Behavioral Theory (1940’s-1950’s)

Assumptions
 Leaders can be made, rather than are born
 Successful leadership is based in definable, learnable
behavior

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 Behavioral Theory

 This attempts to isolate behavior that differentiate

effective leaders from un effective leaders

 Focus on identifying critical behavioral determinants of

leadership that in turn could be used to train people to
become leaders

 Researchers tried to determine what effective leaders do

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 Behavioral Theory

 It is based on belief that great leaders are made, not

born. It is flip side of ‘great man theory’

 According to this ,people can learn to become leaders

through teaching and observation

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 Behavioral Theory

Associated theories
 Role Theory
 The Managerial Grid(Robert Blake &Jane Srygley
Mouton)
 Likerts’s 4 system of management

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 CONTINGENCY THEORY(1960’s)

Assumptions
 The ability to lead is contingent upon various situational
factors, including the leaders preferred style, the
capabilities and behavior of followers and also various
other situational factors.

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 CONTINGENCY THEORY

 Effective leadership is dependent upon the interaction

between a leader’s behaviors and the situation itself.

 This approach is known as the contingency theory of

leadership

 The leaders who are very effective at one place and time
may become unsuccessful, when there is alteration in
situation

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 CONTINGENCY THEORY

 This theory argues that there is no single way of leading

and every leadership style and it is based on certain
situations.
 To an extent this is a extension of trait theory

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 CONTINGENCY THEORY

Associated theories
 Fielders least preferred co-worker theory (LPC)
 Cognitive resource theory
 Strategic Contingencies theory
 Path goal theory

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 References

 Vidya bhusan and Sachdeva(1990),An introduction to

sociology,Kitab Mahal,Allahabad
 G.L.Ray,Extension Communication and management
(2012),Kalyani Publishers , New Delhi
 www.explorepsychology.com
 www.leadership-central.com
 www.changingminds.org

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THANK YOU

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