Gerund

Gerund is the –ing form of a verb used as a

noun, can be as a subject or an object of a
sentence.

As a subject

As the object of preposition

Gerund
Special expressions
A possesive to modify a
gerund
1. Gerund as a subject

e.g. Driving to Alaska will be interesting.

It will be more interesting driving with
Britney Spears to Alaska.

Note : Sometimes a gerund is used with “it” when the

speaker is talking about a particular situation and
wants to give an idea.

When we use “it” as the subject, the gerund

clause comes at or near the end of the sentences.
2. Gerund as the object of preposition

A gerund is frequently used as the object

of a preposition.

Some of the prepositions are :

- about - by - without
- of - at - from

e.g. A man saved the child from drowning.

I can’t master English well without learning
it.
 “To” as a preposition.
“To” is a preposition which is not part of an
infinitive form, so a gerund follows.
There are : - be used to - object to
- be accustomed to - expect to
- look forward to

e.g. I am used to drinking a glass of water early in the

morning.
We don’t object to paying tax.

Note: In negative form : not precedes a gerund.

* In British English : possible to use be accustomed to
sleep.
 3. Special Expressions
a. There are : have fun
have a good time
have trouble
Present
have difficulty
have a hard time
have a difficult time

e.g. I have difficulty finding the spare part

because it’s rarely sold in Indonesia.
There are : had fun
had a good time
had trouble
Past
had difficulty
had a hard time
had a difficult time

e.g. I had difficulty finding the spare part

because it’s rarely sold in Indonesia.
b. Spend & Waste
Spend/waste + expression of time/money + -ing
e.g. He spends two hours doing his homework.
They waste much money drinking wine.

c. Sit, stand, & lie

Sit/stand/lie + expression of place + -ing
e.g. The manager sits on his sofa watching TV.
She stood in front of class giving a lecture.
They are lying on the bed resting their bodies.
b. Find & Catch
Find/catch + (pro) noun + -ing

e.g. I wondered what the children were doing. When I

came outside, I found them climbing a tree.
When my brother enters the kitchen, he catches a
cat eating fried fish on the table.

Note : * Both find and catch mean discover. Catch

expresses anger or displeasure.
4. A possesive to modify a gerund
In formal English, a possesive pronoun is used to
modify a gerund.

e.g. I understand his leaving early.

In informal English, the object form is frequently used

e.g. I understand him leaving early.
In very formal English, a possesive noun is used to
modify gerund.
e.g. I understand Mr. Couper’s leaving early.

In informal English, a possesive form is often not

used.

e.g. I understand Mr. Couper leaving early.

THANK YOU
Presented by :
1. Sgt. Roy Asmadi
2. Civ. Dika Agus K.

Chapter 4