METHODS OF PHILOSOPHIZING

Subtitle
 Phenomenology

Fallacies Post-modernism

Methods of
Philophizing

Analytic Tradition Existentialism

Logic and Critical

Thinking
 P O S T M O D E R N I S M
Believed that humanity should come at the truth
beyond the rational to the non-rational elements of
human nature, including the spiritual

To arrive at the truth, humanity should realize the limits of

reason and objectivism

Individual analysis of truth in a relational and holistic

approach.

Values man’s existence in the worlds and in relation to it.

 reality is a conceptual
construct, an artifact of
skepticism scientific practice and
language.

suspicious of
reason Postmodernism relativism
science and
Reality, knowledge, and
technology (reason value are constructed by
and logic) are discourses; hence they can
inherently destructive vary with them
and oppressive,

subjectivism
 ANALYTIC
TRADITION
philosophical problems are rooted in
language
 Analytic Tradition
▪ Also called LINGUISTIC PHILOSOPHY
▪ emphasizes the study of language and the logical
analysis of concepts
▪ based on the idea that philosophical problems can be
solved through an analysis of their terms, and pure,
systematic logic
▪ more interested in conceptual questions—questions
about the meanings of words and statements and their
logical relations–than it is in spiritual or practical issues
such as morality or the meaning of life
▪ defined more by its method than by any particular set of
questions, arguments, or viewpoints.
 Analytic Tradition: Main Foundational Beliefs
the logical clarification that a rejection of
there are no of thoughts can only sweeping philosophical
specifically be achieved by systems and grand
analysis of the logical theories in favor of close
philosophical attention to detail, as
form of philosophical
truths and that the propositions, such as
well as a defense of
object of common sense and
by using the formal ordinary language
philosophy is the grammar and against the pretensions
logical clarification symbolism of a logical of traditional
of thoughts system. metaphysics and ethics
 ▪ Identified with the determination
of language is expressing the state
of affairs of the world.
▪ Language is the picture of reality.
▪ Analytic philosophy centers its
approach in determining the limits
Analytic of language.
Philosophy ▪ Language being a picture of reality
is limited upon the determination
of the world since what can be
spoken about is only the world.
 LOGIC &
CRITICAL THINKING
 LOGIC
▪ Greek “logos” (reason)
▪ analyses and inferences to discern valid from invalid
forms of reasoning.
▪ Language of Philosophy
▪ other branches of Philosophy uses the principles of
Logic in analyzing and presenting the theories under
that field `
LOGIC
▪ important to the search for truth
▪ method and principles used to
distinguish correct reasoning its validity
or correctness, irrespective of whether or
not the premises of this reasoning argue
with the facts.
INDUCTIVE REASONING DEDUCTIVE REASONING
▪ Based from observations ▪ makes broad generalizations
to make generalizations from specific observations.

▪ Often applied in ▪ Ex. All philosophers are wise.

predictions, forecasting Confucius is wise.
or behavior Therefore, Confucius is wise.
▪ From specific to
generalizations
INDUCTIVE REASONING
A. Premise: No one has ever
lived past the age of 122.
Conclusion: Human beings
probably all die sooner or
later.
B. Premise: Sam has been
following Ben around all
day.
Conclusion: Sam will
probably go to the library
this afternoon when Ben
goes.
DEDUCTIVE REASONING
A. Premise: Socrates is a man,
and all men are mortal.
Conclusion: Socrates is
mortal
B. Premise: This dog always
barks when someone is at
the door, and the dog
didn’t bark.
Conclusion: There’s no one
at the door.
 CRITICAL THINKING
▪ Greek kritikos (discerning judgment)
▪ evaluative’ or ‘analytical thinking’.
▪ a determined effort to indiscriminately evaluate any
belief or supposed knowledge and its
corresponding implications in the light of its basis
and supporting evidence”.
▪ Critical thinking is the ability to reflect on (and so
improve) your thoughts, beliefs, and expectations
▪ Logic forms the heart of Critical Thinking.