1 Agricultural Extension

Agricultural Extension
and
Communication
Agnes Martinez Caliza

College of Agriculture
Mindanao State University
General Santos City
01/01/05 BRSumayao UPLB
AGRICULTURAL
EXTENSION
IN A NUTSHELL
2
Has
its
own
HISTORY
3
is
oriented
towards a
GOAL
4
works
according
to
PRINCIPLES
5
is
based
on
THEORIES
6
performs
FUNCTIONS
BRSumayao UPLB 7
takes
on
VARIOUS
FORMS
8
Chooses
METHODOLOGICAL APPROACHES
9
uses
suitable
TOOLS
10
Is
practiced
within
EXTENSION APPROACHES
11
EARLY BEGINNINGS
(Europe and the USA)
 started from DEVELOPED COUNTRIES
 originated from UNIVERSITIES
 thus derived from EDUCATIONAL
DEVELOPMENTS in these universities
 hence, is an EDUCATIONAL PROCESS
aimed at changing BEHAVIOR OF PEOPLE
12
EARLY BEGINNINGS . . .
A. Stirrings in the 19th century England

• In 1840’s…
The term UNIVERSITY EXTENSION was first
commonly used in BRITAIN
13
• In 1850’s…
Discussions began in two ancient
universities about how they could serve
the needs of the rapidly growing
population in the industrial, urban areas
These were the …
14
15
16
• In 1867…
First practical attempt was made in what
was designated “UNIVERSITY EXTENSION”
 not for students enrolled in the universities
 bringing the university outside of its
campus to people who could not qualify for
entry into university
17
18
• Stuart gave lectures to

- women’s associations
- working men’s clubs
• Lectures mostly on
- Literacy
- social topics
19
STUART often considered as

‘FATHER
OF
UNIVERSITY
EXTENSION’
20
• In 1873…
UNIVERSITY OF CAMBRIDGE adopted the
system
• In 1876…
UNIVERSITY OF LONDON followed
• In 1878…
UNIVERSITY OF OXFORD followed
21
• In 1880’s…
- system became well-established and developed into
what was to be called
EXTENSION MOVEMENT
- and so, extension became a more
INSTITUTIONALIZED FUNCTION
of the universities
22
Tri-Functions of Universities
23
B. Birth of Modern Agricultural Extension Service

• In Europe
 1841 – Founding of the ROYAL AGRICULTURAL
IMPROVEMENT SOCIETY (RAIS) in Britain
 1845 – outbreak of potato blight in Europe
- effect was most severe in Ireland where the
predominantly peasant community relied on
potatoes as staple food
24
 1847 – the newly appointed British viceroy

to Ireland, the Earl of Clarendon, urged the
RAIS to appoint ITENERANT LECTURERS to
travel around the distressed districts to
INFORM and SHOW small farmers how to
IMPROVE CULTIVATION and GROW
NUTRITIOUS CROPS
 1890’s – the universities began to cover
AGRICULTURAL SUBJECTS in lectures
25
• In the USA
1850’s – TWO DEVELOPMENTS significant to the

evolution of agricultural extension in the USA
26
1. Signing of the MORILL ACT of 1862 by

Pres. Lincoln during the Civil War
providing for the creation of LAND
GRANT COLLEGES AND UNIVERSITIES
 Funds were made available from the
Federal Government to establish
demonstration centers/experimental
stations
27
2. The beginning of FARMERS’ INSTITUTE

MOVEMENTS
 organized one- to two-day meetings for
farmers
 invited professors from state colleges
and universities as speakers
28
• In 1890…
– SECOND MORILL ACT was passed
extended Land-Grant concept in other areas of
the USA
- Farmers’ Institute Movements now

INSTITUTIONALIZED with FEDERAL SUPPORT and
SUPERVISION
29
 By the end of the century, a system

of agricultural extension work
became well established in the USA
with STATE COLLEGES and
UNIVERSITIES TAKING OVER THE
INITIATION AND ORGANIZATION OF
SAID ACTIVITY.
30
• 1914 – Passage of the SMITH-LEVER ACT

 Established the COOPERATIVE EXTENSION
SERVICE - a tripartite cooperation between
the
 federal government
 state government
 local county government with the
 SCUs
as extension agency
31
OBJECTIVE of the Cooperative Extension Service
“… to aid in DIFFUSING among people in the

USA, USEFUL and PRACTICAL INFORMATION in
subjects related to
- AGRICULTURE and
- HOME ECONOMICS.”
32
EXTENSION IN THE PHILIPPINE
SETTING:
The Significant Milestones
33
• 1565
 The beginnings of “extension work”
through the setting up of
GRANJAS MODELOS or
MODEL FARMS
 initiated by the first Spanish missionaries
 to educate rice, corn, and tobacco
farmers in large encomiendas.
34
Philippine Setting . . .
• Towards the end of the 18th century

 REGULATORY FUNCTIONS
- Supervision of tobacco fields
- Grading of tobacco leaves for export
were provided by the extension service
35
• October 18, 1901

Start of more serious attempt at
extension work under the AMERICAN
REGIME
• April 30, 1902
Establishment of the BUREAU OF
AGRICULTURE under the Department
of Interior
BRSumayao UPLB 36
• July 1910
Creation of the DEMONSTRATION AND
EXTENSION DIVISION under the Bureau of
Agriculture making it the
- FIRST FORMALLY ORGANIZED
GOVERNMENT DEPARTMENT IMPLEMENTING
RESEARCH AND EXTENSION PROGRAMS
Setting up of several experiment stations and
demonstration farms in strategic places in the
country.
37
• 1910…
Agricultural schools were also
established to educate and train
government agricultural workers and
others engaged in agricultural
services.
38
• July 10, 1919

 The extension and Demonstration Division
expanded its work to include
- ORGANIZATION OF FARMERS’
COOPERATIVE
- RURAL CREDIT
- ANIMAL INSURANCE
 Person engaged in extension work were called
FARM ADVISERS
39
• 1923 …
 The name Demonstration and Extension
Division was changed to AGRICULTURAL
EXTENSION SERVICE
 Related events
 HOME EXTENSION WORK was started in
the Division of Organic Chemistry of the Bureau
of Soils mainly on FOOD PRESERVATION
 MARIA Y. OROSA founded the home
extension service.
40
• 1929 …
 The Bureau of Agriculture was reorganized
with the creation of the
 Bureau of Animal Industry
 Bureau of Plant Industry
with both bureaus continuing to do and

expand their extension activities.
41
• 1936 …
 COMMONWEALTH ACT 85 was passed
establishing PROVINCIAL EXTENSION
SERVICES financed by the provincial and
municipal governments
 Some significant results
 emergence of BROADER AND MORE
COMPREHENSIVE AGRICULTURAL EXTENSION
SYSTEM
42
Extension service in the

Philippines became a serious
organized business
Position of PROVINCIAL
AGRICULTURIST was
created
Farm Advisers now called
EXTENSION AGENTS 43
 Some CONSTRAINTS
 The home economics group was under the
Plant Utilization Division of BPI
 Insufficiency of funds
 Unsystematic, scattered, and decentralized
agricultural extension service work done
by the different branches of government
made it difficult for extension agents to
render fully satisfactory service to the
people.
44
• Undated
COMMONWEALTH ACT 649 was passed
INCREASING the AMOUNT
APPROPRIATED FOR EXTENSION WORK
Set-up of agricultural extension service
CONTINUED UNTIL THE
OUTBREAK OF WORLD WAR II
45
• 1942-1945 (Japanese Occupation)

Home economics and agricultural
extension work
- SUFFERED DRAWBACKS
EXTENSION WORK WAS

PARALYZED
46
• After Japanese Occupation

1947
 The Home Extension Unit under BPI
was FUSED with the
AGRICULTURAL EXTENSION
UNIT of the Bureau of Agriculture.
47
• 1950
 The Philippine Government REQUESTED the
USA to SEND AN ECONOMIC SURVEY
MISSION to the Philippines to:
“CONSIDER THE FINANCIAL PROBLEMS OF

THE COUNTRY AND TO RECOMMEND
MEASURES THAT WILL ENABLE THE
PHILIPPINES TO BECOME AND TO REMAIN
SELF-SUPPORTING”
48
The Bell Survey Mission

Recommendation
 The CONSOLIDATION of the SCATTERED
EXTENSION SERVICE ORGANIZATIONS in
the different bureaus (BPI, BAI, BS, BFor,
BFis) into ONE BUREAU that would
ADEQUATELY EXTEND INFORMATION TO
FARM FAMILIES for improved FARMING,
HOMEMAKING, and COMMUNITY
ORGANIZATION. 49
• In July 1952
 Congress enacted REPUBLIC ACT No. 680
CREATING THE BUREAU OF
AGRICULTURAL EXTENSION (BAEx).
 This was in RESPONSE TO the recommendation
of the BELL SURVEY MISSION that all the
extension activities of the DA become the
responsibility of one bureau.
50
• August 8, 1963
 The BAEx was RENAMED
AGRICULTURAL
PRODUCTIVITY COMMISSION
(APC) and placed UNDER the
OFFICE OF THE PRESIDENT.
51
 Function of APC was BROADENED to accelerate

 progressive improvement in the productivity of
farms
 advancement of farmers
 strengthening of the existing agricultural services
through the CONSOLIDATION OF ALL
 promotional
 educational and informational activities pertaining
to agriculture.
52
Positive Consequence of Broadened Function of

APC
 Implementation of the NATIONAL INTEGRATED
LAND REFORM PROGRAM due to team up of
 agriculture
 home demonstrations
 4-H Club officers
in carrying out extension activities which allowed
CONCENTRATED TECHNICAL ASSISTANCE to
people in the countryside.
53
• Undated
 Executive Order No. 62 creating the RICE
AND CORN AUTHORITY (RCA)
 extended CREDIT for seeds, pesticides,
and harvesting
 had FERTILIZER SUBSIDY PROGRAM for
participating farmers
54
• In 1969
 Executive Order No. 183 creating the
NATIONAL FOOD AND
AGRICULTURE COUNCIL (NFAC)
 was given FULL CONTROL OF FOOD
PRODUCTION PROGRAM
 CONTROLLED a large portion of FUNDS for
agriculture and funding from The USAID
55
• In 1972
 Declaration of
MARTIAL LAW
 Several
ORGANIZATIONAL
CHANGES AFFECTED
AGRICULTURAL
EXTENSION.
56
• November 1, 1972
 Presidential Decree No. 1 and
Presidential Letter of Implementation
REVERTED THE APC TO ITS
ORIGINAL NAME, THE BAEx
57
• Other CHANGES
 Functions and personnel of COOPERATIVES were
TRANSFERRED to the DEPARTMENT OF LOCAL
GOVERNMENT AND COMMUNITY DEVELOPMENT
(DILG)
 Presidential Decree 970
 ABOLISHED the Bureau of Farm Management of the
DAR
 DAR’s extension function was TRANSFERRED to BAEx
58
• July 1, 1973
 The BAEx was TRANSFERRED
back to DA
 The ABACA and OTHER FIBERS BOARD
was FUSED with BAEx
BRSumayao UPLB 59
• In 1977
 A WORLD BANK MISSION APPRAISED the
Philippines’ agricultural extension service UPON
REQUEST of the Philippine government
 RESULTS
 The Philippines ADOPTED the TRAINING
AND VISIT SYSTEM (T & V) which evolved
into a development strategy designed to improve
the quality of life of farm families through a pool of
resources.
60
• March 27, 1979

 The NATIONAL EXTENSION PROJECT
became OPERATIONAL
 With WORLD BANK LOAN of US$ 35M
 To STRENGTHEN Philippine agricultural
system with FACILITIES and RESOURCES
61
• The EXTENSION DELIVERY SYSTEM

 Responsible for the SYSTEMATIC TRANSFER OF
TECHNOLOGICAL PACKAGES from research institutions
to the small rural entrepreneurs and of IMPROVED
HOMEMAKING PRACTICES to their homes.
 All these were aimed at INCREASING AGRICULTURAL
PRODUCTION AND FARMERS’ INCOME and
IMPROVING THEIR NUTRITIONAL STATUS
62
• In 1978
 PD No. 1579 and LOI No. 595 CREATED
MINISTRY-WIDE REGIONAL OFFICES in
the Ministry of Agriculture
 APPOINTMENT of 75 PAOs in 1980
 EO No. 967- RENAMED the Ministry of Agriculture
into the MINISTRY OF AGRICULTURE AND FOOD
(MAF); transferred the BFAR from the Ministry of
Natural Resources to the MAF
63
• In 1982…
 EO No. 803 designating the PROVINCE as
the POLITICAL UNIT OF MANAGEMENT
for INDUCING AGRICULTURAL
DEVELOPMENT
64
 Organizational Set-up
Minister of Agriculture
Regional Director
Provincial Agricultural Officer
Municipal Agricultural officer
65
• Organizational Set-up at Provincial Level
Provincial Agricultural Officer
MAO Provincial Senior Rural Youth

SMS HMT Development
Officer
Agricultural
Food
Technicians
66
• In 1987…
 EO No. 116 – MERGED the
 BAEx
 Agricultural Training Council
 Philippine Training Center for Rural
Development into the
AGRICULTURAL TRAINING INSTITUTE (ATI)
The “BIRTH” of the ATI
meant the “DEATH” of the BAEx
67
ATI’s Mandate…
TRAINING OF ALL AGRICULTURAL
EXTENSION WORKERS AND THEIR
CLIENTELE (WHO ARE MOSTLY
FARMERS) AND OTHER
AGRICULTURAL WORKERS
68
• In 1991…
 RA No. 7160 – LOCAL GOVERNMENT
CODE
 DEVOLVED AGRICULTURAL EXTENSION AND
TRAINING ACTIVITES to the LOCAL
GOVERNMENT UNITS (LGUs)
69
• In 1997…
 A legal instrument
RA 8435 known as the
AGRICULTURE AND
FISHERIES MODERNIZATION
ACT or AFMA
70
• Major Concerns of AFMA…

1. Food security
2. Poverty alleviation and social equity
3. Income enhancement and profitability
especially for farmers and fisherfolks
4. Global Competitiveness
5. Sustainability
71
Philippine Setting… AFMA
• Definition of Terms
 MODERNIZATION
 The PROCESS of
 TRANSFORMING the
 AGRICULTURE & FISHERIES sectors
into one that is
 DYNAMIC
 TECHNOLOGICALLY ADVANCED
 COMPETITIVE
72
 Yet CENTERED on
HUMAN DEVELOPMENT
 and GUIDED by sound practices of
SUSTAINABILITY
 and the PRINCIPLES of SOCIAL
JUSTICE
73
• Food Security…
 The POLICY OBJECTIVE, PLAN, and STRATEGY of
1. MEETING FOOD REQUIREMENTS of PRESENT
and FUTURE GENERATIONS of Filipinos
in SUBSTANTIAL QUANTITY
2. ensuring the AVAILABILITY and
AFFORDABILITY of food TO ALL
3. either through LOCAL PRODUCTION or
IMPORTATION, or both
74
4. Based on the country’s EXISTING and

POTENTIAL RESOURCE ENDOWMENT
and related production advantages, and
5. CONSISTENT with the OVERALL national
development objectives and policies
75
• Poverty Alleviation and

Social Equity…
 Providing the POOR with
 equitable access to resources
 income opportunities
 basic and support services
 infrastructure
especially in areas where
productivity is low as a means
of improving their quality of
life.
76
• Global competitiveness…
 The ABILITY to COMPETE in terms of
 PRICE
 QUALITY
 VOLUME
OF AGRICULTURE AND FISHERY PRODUCTS relative to those of OTHER
COUNTRIES
 Would require the ability to PRODUCE A PRODUCT WITH

THE GREATEST RELATIVE EFFICIENCY IN THE USE OF
RESOURCES
77
• Framework of Sustainable Agriculture
 Economically viable
 Ecologically sound
 Socially just and humane (respects human
dignity, participatory, and equitable)
 Culturally appropriate (respects traditions,
values, beliefs, and culture of people)
 Grounded on holistic science
(integrative, non-reductionist)
78
• Medium and Long-Term Goals to address Food

Security, Poverty Alleviation, Social Equity,
and Income Enhancement
1. INCREASED INCOME and PROFIT of small
farmers and fisherfolks
2. AVAILABILITY of rice and other staple foods at
AFFORDABLE PRICES
3. REDUCTION of rural poverty and income
inequality
79
4. REDUCTION of rural
UNEMPLOYMENT
5. Reduction of incidence of
MALNUTRITION, and
6. IMPROVEMENT in LAND TENURE of
small farmers.
80
• Medium and Long-Term Goals to address

Global Competitiveness and Sustainability
1. INCREASE in VOLUME, QUALITY, and VALUE of
agriculture and fisheries production for
DOMESTIC CONSUMPTION and EXPORTS
2. REDUCTION in post-harvest LOSSES
3. INCREASE in the number/types and quality of
PROCESSED agricultural and fishery PRODUCTS
4. 4. INCREASE in number of INTERNATIONAL
TRADING PARTNERS in agriculture and fishery
81
products
5. INCREASE in number of SUSTAINABLE

agriculture and fishery FIRMS engaged in
DOMESTIC PRODUCTION, PROCESSING,
MARKETING, and EXPORT activities.
6. INCREASE in and wider level of
ENTREPRENEURSHIP among farmers and
fisherfolks
B 82
7. INCREASE in number of farms

engaged in DIVERSIFIED FARMING,
and
8. REDUCTION in USE of AGRO-
CHEMICALS that are harmful to
health and the environment
83
Structure of the Agricultural Extension Service in

the AFMA
• Mandate
 Provision of TRAINING, INFORMATION, and
SUPPORT SERVICES
 by GOs and NGOs
 to improve TECHNICAL, BUSINESS, and SOCIAL
CAPABILITIES of farmers and fisherfolks
84
• Strategy
 utilization of RESEARCH RESULTS through
 FE
 NFE
 extension and training services
 development of a NATIONAL EXTENSION
SYSTEM that will help accelerate the
transformation of Philippine agriculture and
fisheries from a resource-based to a
technology-based industry
85
• Nature of Delivery of Extension Services

 multi-disciplinary
 involves farmers and fisherfolks and their
organizations, and those engaged in food
and non-food production processing,
including the private and public sectors.
86
• Role of LGUs
 Responsible for delivering direct agriculture
and fisheries extension services
 The province is mandated to “integrate the
operations of the agriculture extension services
and undertake an annual evaluation of all
municipal extension program.”
87
• Role of Private Sector
 Encourage PARTICIPATION of farmers and
fisherfolks cooperatives and associations and
others in the private sector in the TRAINING
and other COMPLEMENTARY EXTENSION
ACTIVITIES especially in
 community organizing
 use of participatory approaches
 popularization of training materials
 regenerative agricultural technologies
 agribusiness and management skills
88
• Role of SUCs
 ASSIST in the LGUs’ extension system by
IMPROVING their effectiveness and efficiency
through
 capability building
 complementary extension activities such as
 TECHNICAL ASSISTANCE
 TRAINING OF LGU PERSONNEL
 IMPROVEMENT OF PHYSICAL FACILITIES
 EXTENSION-CUM-RESEARCH AND INFORMATION
SUPPORT SERVICES.
89
• Financing Scheme
 Allocation of multi-year budgets that shall be
treated as grants
 Transfer of funds from DA to the LGUs as
extension grants
 Placing the budget for agriculture and fishery
at a minimum of 1 % of the Gross Value Added
90
• Strategic Shift
 From food security as the SOLE
RESPONSIBILITY of the DA TOWARDS SHARING
that responsibility with the LGUs and OTHER
STAKEHOLDERS
 From PURE COMMODITY, PRODUCTION
VOLUME orientation towards RESULTS,
GREATER VALUE-ADDED, PROFITABILITY, and
PEOPLE’S WELFARE
91

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Agricultural Extension

Agnes Martinez Caliza

A. Stirrings in the 19th century England

These were the …

• Stuart gave lectures to

STUART often considered as

B. Birth of Modern Agricultural Extension Service

 1847 – the newly appointed British viceroy

1850’s – TWO DEVELOPMENTS significant to the

1. Signing of the MORILL ACT of 1862 by

2. The beginning of FARMERS’ INSTITUTE

- Farmers’ Institute Movements now

 By the end of the century, a system

• 1914 – Passage of the SMITH-LEVER ACT

OBJECTIVE of the Cooperative Extension Service

“… to aid in DIFFUSING among people in the

• Towards the end of the 18th century

• October 18, 1901

• July 10, 1919

with both bureaus continuing to do and

Extension service in the

• 1942-1945 (Japanese Occupation)

EXTENSION WORK WAS

• After Japanese Occupation

“CONSIDER THE FINANCIAL PROBLEMS OF

The Bell Survey Mission

 Function of APC was BROADENED to accelerate

Positive Consequence of Broadened Function of

• March 27, 1979

• The EXTENSION DELIVERY SYSTEM

Provincial Agricultural Officer

Municipal Agricultural officer

• Organizational Set-up at Provincial Level

Provincial Agricultural Officer

MAO Provincial Senior Rural Youth

• Major Concerns of AFMA…

4. Based on the country’s EXISTING and

• Poverty Alleviation and

 Would require the ability to PRODUCE A PRODUCT WITH

• Framework of Sustainable Agriculture

• Medium and Long-Term Goals to address Food

• Medium and Long-Term Goals to address

5. INCREASE in number of SUSTAINABLE

7. INCREASE in number of farms

Structure of the Agricultural Extension Service in

• Nature of Delivery of Extension Services

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