WATER AND LAND

RESOURCES
VINCE ARIUS DE LEION
NELSON PREXY SUELTO JR.
GROUNDWATER
Allwater beneath the Land surface is referred
to as underground water
Groundwater is the water that saturates the
tiny spaces
Between alluvial material (sand, gravel, silt,
clay)
About 1% of the world’s water supply of fresh
water.
Groundwater has its origin in rainfall. Most of it
is making its way slowly back to the ocean,
either directly through the ground or by flowing
out onto the surface and joining streams.
WORLD’S WATER
RESOURCES
Of the global water resources,
about
97.2% is salt water mainly in
oceans
2.8% is available as fresh water,
about 2.2% is surface water and
0.6% as ground water.
2.2% surface water
2.15% is fresh water in glaciers
and icecaps
0.01% is in lakes and streams
0.04% in other forms
0.6% ground water
0.25% can be economically
extracted with the present drilling
technology and the remaining
being at greater depth
THE WATER CYCLE
Evaporation
- During part of the water cycle.
The sun
heats up liquid water and
changes it to a
gas by the process of
evaporation. Water
that evaporates from earth’s
oceans, lakes,
and rivers
Transpiration
-The process of evaporation from
plants.
Condensation
- As Water rises higher in the
atmosphere. It starts to cool and
become a liquid again. When a
large amount of water vapor
condenses, it results in the
formation of clouds.
PRECIPITATION
-when the water in the clouds get too
heavy, the water falls back to the earth.
RUNOFF
- When rain falls on the land, some of the
water is absorbed into the ground
forming pockets of water called
groundwater. Most groundwater
eventually returns to the ocean, other
precipitation ruins directly into streams
of rivers.
UNDERGROUND WATER ZONES
Underground water occurs in two
different
Zones ( Zone of Aeration And Zone
of
Saturation)
SATURATED ZONE
- Water in the saturated zone is
the only underground water that
is available to supply wells and
springs and is the only water to
which the groundwater is
correctly supplied.
AERATION ZONE
- the aeration(unsaturated zone)
occurs below the land surface in
most areas, contains both water
and air. The aeration
zone(unsaturated zone) may be
divided into three parts. The soil
zone, vadose zone and the upper
of the capillary fringe.
SOIL ZONE
 is the zone that supports plant
growth, the porosity and
permeability of this zone tend to
be higher.
VADOSE ZONE
 Is next in soil zone which differs
in thickness from place to place
depending on the thickness of
the soil zone and the depth to the
capillary fringe
CAPILLARY FRINGE
Is the results from the attraction
between water and rocks region
above water table where water
rises due to capillary forces
WATER TABLE
Isthe surface in which the soil or
rocks are permanently saturated
with water.
AQUIFER
-Is a geologic unit that can store and transmit
water at rates fast enough supply reasonable
amounts to wells
WATER TABLE(UNCONFINE
AQUIFER)
Is and aquifers with continuous
layers of materials of high
intrinsic permeability extending
from the land surface to the base
of the aquifer. Is the surface in
which the soil or rocks are
permanently saturated with
water
CONFINING LAYER
Confining layers are sometimes subdivided
into aquitards, aquicludes, and aquifuges.
AQUITARD
Is layer of low permeability that
can store ground water and also
transmit it slow from one aquifer
to another
AQUICLUDE
Is a formation which contains
water but cannot transmit it
rapidly enough to furnish a
significant supply to a well or
spring
AQUIFUGE
Isan absolutely impermeable
unit that will not transmit any
water
Groundwater control
Drainage ore pumping the water
from the tunnel
Prevent the water flow in the
tunnel section by air compress
Cement is preferably used for
waterlight concrete.