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NDT Training & Certification

Ultrasonic Testing
Part 4

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Ultrasonic Testing
 Sensitivity
 Defect sizing
 Scanning procedures

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Sensitivity
 The ability of an ultrasonic system to
find the smallest specified defect at the
maximum testing range

Depends upon
 Probe and flaw detector combination
 Material properties
 Probe frequency
 Signal to noise ratio
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Methods of Setting Sensitivity
 Smallest defect at maximum test range
 Back wall echo
 Disc equivalent
 Grass levels
 Notches
 Side Drilled Holes, DAC Curves

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Artificial / actual defect

Example: The defect echo is set


to FSH (Full Screen Height)

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Sizing Methods
6 dB Drop
 For sizing large planar reflectors only
 Signal / echo reduced to half the height
 Example:
100% to 50%
80% to 40%
70% to 35%
20% to 10%

Centre of probe marked representing the edge


of defect.

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6 dB Drop
Defect BWE

The back wall echo reduced as some part


of the beam now striking the defect

The echo of the defect has NOT yet


maximise as the whole beam Not yet
Plan View striking the defect
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6 dB Drop
Defect

Now the whole beam is on the defect

Back wall echo is now may be


reduced or disappeared

Plan View
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6 dB Drop
Defect BWE

The probe is moved back until the echo


is reduced by half of it’s original height

At this point the probe centre beam is


directly on the edge of the defect

Plan View The probe is then removed and the


centre is marked, and repeat to size the
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whole defect
Sizing Method
 Maximum Amplitude Technique
For sizing multifaceted defect – eg. crack
Not very accurate
Small probe movement

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Maximum Amplitude

Multifaceted defect : crack


The whole probe beam is on the on the
defect

At this point, multipoint of the defect


reflect the sound to the probe

The echo (signal) show as a few peaks


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Maximum Amplitude

Multifaceted defect : crack


If the probe is moved into the defect,
The probe is moved out of the the signals height increase
defect, the signal disappeared One of the peak maximised

If the edge of the beam strike At this point the MAIN BEAM is
the edge of the defect, a very directly at the edge of the
small echo appears defect
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Maximum Amplitude
Remember: The peak which maximised does
not have to be the tallest or the first one

Length

The probe is to be moved to the other Mark the point under


end of the defect the centre of the probe
which indicates the
The signals will flactuate as the beam hits
edge of the defect
the different faces of the defects
The probe is moved back into the defect The length of the defect is
and to observe a peak of the signal measured
maximises
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Equalization Technique
The equalization technique can ONLY be used
Defect BWE
if the defect is halfway the thickness

At this point the whole beam is on The BWE is at it maximum


the back wall

At this point the whole beam is The Defect echo is at it


on the defect maximum
At the edge of the defect, half of The defect echo is at equal
the beam is on the defect, and height as the back wall
another half is on the back wall
The
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2003 is marked as the edge of defect
20 dB Drop
Defect BWE
20 dB Beam profile

10%

When the main beam is on the defect the defect signal is at it maximum

If the probe is moved and the signal is observed until it is reduced to


10% (20dB Drop), the edge of the beam is on the edge of the defect
Repeat the above at the other side of the defect

Using the pre-constructed Beam profile and a plotting card, the


defect maybe sized mmz 2003
Scanning procedure
 Parent material
 Root inspection
 Side wall inspection
 Weld body
 Transverse scan

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Scanning Procedure
 Parent Material
0 degree both sides

 To maximum range for angle probes


 Full skip distance for 60 or 70 probes
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Scanning Procedure
 Weld Root
Half skip from both sides

For PCN exams :


 70 degree probe at half skip from both sides
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Scanning Procedure
Weld Fusion Faces
 Half to full skip from both sides

A probe which strikes fusion faces at 90 degrees

Probe angle = 90 - (1/2 Root angle)


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Scanning Procedure
 Weld Body
Half skip to full skip from both sides

Full Skip 1/2 Skip

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Scanning Procedure
 Transverse
70 degree

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Nozzle Welds
 Scanning procedure

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Tee butt welds

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Defect Identification
 Echodynamics
 Defect characterisation

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Echodynamics

Crack
Lack of fusion,Gas pore

Porosity

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Defect characterisation
 Signal amplitude  Probe manipulation

 Lateral  Depth

 Orbital  Swivel

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H0 Sine I Vel in Material 1
dB  20Log..10 
H1 Sine R Vel in Material 2
2
V
 Z1  Z 2 
  100  % reflected 
 Z1  Z 2  f
K KV
Sine  or
2 D Df
2 2
D D f
Near Zone  
4 mmz 2003
4V
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