Science and technology indeed play major

roles in the everyday life. They make difficult

and complicated task easier and allow people
to do more with so little effort and time. The
driving force behind the continues progress is
the desire to raise the quality of the people.
People were concerned with
Transportation and Navigation,
Communication and Record
keeping, Mass Production,
Security and Protection, as well
as Health, Aesthetics, and
Architecture.
 It is significant during the time because
people were trying to go places and
discover new horizontals.
 They travelled to search for food and fine
better location for their settlement.
 They also travelled to trade their surplus
food and change for things that they
lacked.
 Navigation assisted them to their journey,
also allow them to return home after they
discovered new places or completed an
important trade with another people.
 Also essential in their endeavors to discover
and occupy new places.
 They needed a way to communicate with
the natives of the area they visited to trade
and prevent conflicts.
 Record keeping is also important to
remember the places they had been and
also to document the trades they made.
 It was also vital to keep records of their
history and culture.
 This things are important as well in discovery of new
places or the establishment of new alliances with the
other tribes, there was always a risk of conflict when
people met others with different culture and
orientation.
 Conflicts were common especially if different groups
struggled to control vital resource.
 Strong nations tended to invade weaken ones so they
could take much needed resources.
 The development of weapons and armors are also for
security and protection they also considered it as a
major achievement.
 The early people might have been successful in harnessing
the rich resources that the world could provide, but their survival
posed a great problem.
 The development in this field allowed humans to build structures
that would address their specify needs and wants. Some structures
build in ancient time still exist today and continually awe people.
 Others might see architecture as a mere style, but during the ancient times,
elaborate architectural designs were signs of technological advancement of a
particular civilization.
 Located on the
southernmost tip of
ancient Mesopotamia.
Also known for their high
degree of cooperation
with one another and
desire for great things.
They are not
contented with the basic
things that life can offer.
This desire pushed them
to develop more things.
 Sumerian’s major contribution is the
development of the first writing system
known as “cuneiform”
 A system that utilized word pictures and
triangular symbols.
 Carving on clay using wedge instrument
and then left to dry.
 This allowed the Sumerians to keep record of
things with great historical value or their
everyday life
 The Sumerians invented writing.
 Another important
contribution of Sumerian’s.
 It is a great wonder not
because it is considered to be
the first true city in the world
but also for the way it was
erected.
 Sumerian’s were able to build
the city using mud or clay from
the river. Which they mixed
with reeds, producing
sunbaked bricks.(a true
engineering feat.)
 The word ziggurat means raised area. Broad at the bottom,
these pyramid-shaped buildings had two to seven tiers, with
each ascending tier smaller than the one under it. The top of
the building was flat, and on it was a shrine or temple to the
god where only priests could go. The entire building was
made of sun-dried bricks in all the interior areas, with glazed
fire-dried bricks facing outward. The facing bricks on each
successive tier were glazed a different color. A series of
staircases led to the top of the ziggurat for the priests to use.
 The Sumerians created dikes and irrigation canals to bring water to farmlands and
at the same time control the flooding of the rivers. This method was considered as one
the world’s most beneficial engineering works. Through the dikes and canals, the
Sumerians were able to enjoy year-long farming and harvesting, which increased their
food production.
 Boats were used by Sumerians to carry
large quantities of production and were
able to cover large distances. However,
they wanted to discover faraway lands to
settle since the population was getting
larger, and boats were not enough to
accommodate more people and
products. That’s why they needed a
mode of transportation that did not
require much human resource.
 With the use of
The Sumerians were the wheel and
able to invent the wheel axle, mass
since the specialized tools production was
needed to create it were made easier.
already available. The first Farmers were
wheels were not made for able to mill
transportation but for farm grains with less
work and food processes. effort in less
time.
The PLOW was invented to dig the earth in a faster
pace. As the plow breaks the ground, the farmer
would just drop the seeds and farm work would
already be done. With this tool, farmers could
cultivate larger parcels of land faster, enabling
them to mass produce food without taking so
much effort and time.
In order to facilitate faster and
easier travel, the Sumerians
developed the first road. With this
work, the flow of traffic became
faster and more organized. They
made the roads with the same
technology they used in making
the sun – baked bricks that they
laid down on the ground.
-a city devoted to materialism and sensual
pleasure
- was a major city of ancient Mesopotamia.
- The city was built upon the Euphrates river and
divided in equal parts along its left and right
banks, with steep embankments to contain the
river's seasonal floods. Babylon was originally a
small Semitic Akkadian city dating from the
period of the Akkadian Empire2300 BC.
- The site of Babylon is about 55 miles (89
kilometers) south of Baghdad near the Euphrates
River.
KINGS OF BABYLON

 Nebuchadnezzar (604-562 B.C. )

Nebuchadnezzar was the eldest son and
successor of Nabopolassar, founder of
the Neo- Babylonian Empire.
Nabopolassar was an Assyrian official
who rebelled and established himself as
king of Babylon in 626 B.C; the dynasty
he established ruled until 539 B.C, when
the empire was conquered by Cyrus the
Great.
 Avilmarduk (Evil-merodach) (562-560 B.C.)

- Son of Nebuchadnezzar, and third

ruler of the New Babylonian empire;
reigned from 561 to 560 B.C. His name
in Babylonian is "Amil- Marduk" or
"Avel-Marduk"= "man," or "servant, of
Marduk.
 Neriglissar (560-556 B.C.)

-Nergal-sharezer or Neriglissar was King of

Babylon from 560 to 556 BC. He was the
son-in- law of Nebuchadrezzar II, whose son
and heir, Amel-Marduk, Nergal-sharezer
murdered and succeeded.
- Nergal-Sharezer was married to
Nebuchadnezzar’s daughter Kashshaia
and later became king of Babylon.
Labashimarduk (556 B.C.)

-Labashi-Marduk, was king of

Babylon, and son of
Neriglissar. Lâbâši-Marduk
succeeded his father when still
only a boy, after the latter's
four-year reign.
 Nabonidus (555-538 B.C.)

Nabonidus was the last king

of the Neo- Babylonian
Empire, reigning from 556–539
BC.
 The Hanging Gardens

 The Hanging Gardens of Babylon was one of the Seven Wonders of the
Ancient World, a term given by the ancient Hellenic culture.
 The Hanging Gardens were built by King Nebuchadnezzar II for his wife,
Queen Amytis.
 It was said to be a structure made up of layers upon layers of gardens that
contained several species of plants, trees and vines.
 However, no physical evidence has been found to prove the existence of The
Hanging Gardens of Babylon. Its exact location is also unknown.
 On the other hand, if it really existed , it must have been destroyed by war,
erosion or an earthquake.
 ISHTAR GATE

The Ishtar Gate was the eighth gate to the inner city of Babylon. It
was constructed in about 575 BCE by order of King Nebuchadnezzar II
on the north side of the city. It was excavated in the early 20th century
and a reconstruction using original bricks is now shown in the
Pergamon Museum, Berlin.
Dedicated to the Babylonian goddess Ishtar, the gate was
constructed using glazed brick with alternating rows of bas-relief
mušḫuššu (dragons) and aurochs (bulls), symbolizing the gods
Marduk and Adad respectively.
 The roof and doors of the gate were of cedar, according to the
dedication plaque. The gate was covered in LAPIS LAZULI, a deep-
blue semi-precious stone that was revered in antiquity due to its
vibrancy. These blue glazed bricks would have given the façade a
jewel-like shine. Through the gate ran the Processional Way, which
was lined with walls showing about 120 lions, bulls, dragons and
flowers on enameled yellow and black glazed bricks, symbolizing
the goddess Ishtar. The gate itself depicted only gods and
goddesses. These included Ishtar, Adad and Marduk. During
celebrations of the New Year, statues of the deities were paraded
through the gate and down the ProcessionalWay.
 The gate, being part of the Walls of Babylon, was also considered
one of the original Seven Wonders of theWorld.
MAP OF BABYLONIAN CITIES
 BABYLONIAN CITIES

 Nippur: Symbolic center of southern

 Babylon – central city
 Eridu (Eridug/Urudug): Site of the temple
of Enki
 Eshnunna: Located in the Diyala Valley,
gateway to the kingdom of Elam
 Kish: Symbolic center of northern
Mesopotamia
Mesopotamia
 Sippar: Sun-cult center on the banks of the
Euphrates
 Umma: Rival to Lagash
 Larsa: Another center of a sun cult
 Adab: A vassal of Kish

 Ur: Biblical home of the Hebrew forefather  Lagash: Especially ancient city, center of artistic
Abram, later Abraham development
 Uruk: Seat of the legendary king  Isin: Important city to the Third Dynasty of Ur,
Gilgamesh ca. 2000 B.C., and thereafter
PEOPLE OF BABYLON
 BABYLONIAN HABITAT

 Ancient Babylon was located in Mesopotamia between the

Euphrates and TigrisRivers.
 That’s why its ground is very fertile and produces wild barley,
chickpea, and sesame. The marshlands produce an edible root
that is equal in nutrition to barley. The land is also rich with dates,
apples, and other fruit as well as fish and birds.
 BABYLONIAN CULTURE

 The most famous innovation of ancient Babylonian culture was

astronomy, which began as a study of astrology.
 They created stellar catalogues and a nearly perfect
calendar, of
which the Jews later copied. They were able to predict eclipses, which
they believed announced dangerous and evil times. Eclipses were
predicted through two mathematical systems they developed. These
systems were the scientific basis of the mathematical and astronomic
legacy of ancient Babylonia.
 THE FALL OF BABYLON

In 539 B.C., Babylon fell to the Persian king, Cyrus the Great
” And Babylon, the glory of kingdoms, the beauty of the Chaldees'
excellency, shall be as when God overthrew Sodom andGomorrah.
It shall never be inhabited, neither shall it be dwelt in from generation to
generation: neither shall the Arabian pitch tent there; neither shallthe
shepherds make theirfold there.”

Isaiah 13:19 – 20
 Another early civilization famous for its legacy is the
Egyptian Civilization located in North Africa. Many stories tell
about the engineering feats of the Egyptians especially
regarding the infrastructures established by the pharaohs.
Aside from engineering technology, the Egyptians have
contributed other practical things that the world now
considers as essential. It is thus safe to say that the pyramids
are not the only contribution of the Egyptian civilization to
the modern world.
 PAPER OR PAPYRUS

Papyrus was a plant that

grew abundantly along the Nile
River in Egypt. They were able
to process the plant in order to
produce thin sheets on which
one could write down things.
Since papyrus lighter and
thinner than clay tablets, it was
easy to carry and store.
 INK
When the Egyptian invented the papyrus
or the paper, engraving ceased to be used
in writing. As a result, the Egyptians invented
ink by combining soot with different
chemicals to produce inks of different colors.
The ink must withstand the elements of
nature since it was used to record history,
culture and codified laws. It must also be
tamper – proof so that people could not
simply tinker with those written down by
authorities.
 HIEROGLYPHICS

Like the Sumerians, the Egyptians also developed a

system of writing using symbols, known as hieroglyphics.
Although some say that hieroglyphics was adapted from
the early writing system established in Mesopotamia as a
result of trade between civilizations, the Egyptians believed
that this writing system was provided to them by their gods.
This form of writing can still be seen today and remains to
be as famous as the pyramids where they were found.
 COSMETICS

The Egyptians also invented the use of cosmetics. Although

cosmetics in the modern times are used to improve and
highlight the facial features of a person, their function in
ancient Egypt was for both health and aesthetics reasons.
Egyptians wore Kohl around the eyes to prevent and even
cure eye diseases. Kohl was created by mixing soot or
malachite with mineral galena. Egyptians also believed that
a person wearing make-up was protected from evil and that
beauty was a sign of holiness.
 WIGS

Wigs were worn for health and wellness

rather than for aesthetics purposes. The
wigs were used to protect the shaved
heads of the wealthy Egyptians from the
harmful rays of the sun. Wearing a wig was
better than putting on a scarf or any other
head cover since a wig allowed heat to
escape. Moreover, it was considered
cleaner than a natural hair because it
prevented the accumulation of head lice.
WATER CLOCK/CLEPSYDRA

This device utilizes gravity that

affects the flow of water from
one vessel to the other. The
amount of water (or its height,
depending on the method used)
remaining in the device
determines how much time has
elapsed since it is full. The water
clock was widely used as a
timekeeping device during the
ancient times.
Greece is an archipelago in the Southeastern part of
Europe. Known as the birthplace of western
philosophy, some of the major achievements of the
Greeks include in-depth works on philosophy and
mathematics. Greek Civilization has contributed
much to the world especially in the fields of science
and technology.
 ALARM CLOCK

One of the most utilized gadgets today

that was invented by the Ancient Greeks.
The ancient Greeks alarm clock used large
complicated mechanisms to time the
alarm. They made use of water (or
sometimes small stones or sand) that
dropped into drums which sounded the
alarm. Plato was believed to have utilized
an alarm clock to signal the start of his
lecture.
 WATER MILLS

Watermills were
commonly used in
agricultural processes like
milling of grains which
was a necessary form of
food processing during
that time.
Watermills were considered better than mills powered by farm
animals because they required less effort and time to operate since
the farmer did not have to raise animals.
 Rome built great stuff

Rome built great roads to travel on and aqueducts

to bring water into the city.
Rome also built great stadiums and amphitheaters
for the entertainment of the people.
Romans also developed the use of the arch.
Rome was a Republic

A republic is a form of government where people

elect representatives.
The United States has a representative
government. We learned about this form of
government from the Romans.
 The Senate
The Senate led the Roman Empire.
They made the laws for the republic.
 Rome’s women got shafted

Rome might have had representative

government, but not all people were
represented.
Roman women were not allowed to vote.
Roman Citizenship

Romans had a strong sense of citizenship.

Roman citizens were protected by Rome, but had
a duty to participate in society and to make it
better.
The philosophy that preached good citizenship
was called Stoicism.
Stoicism stressed the importance of being a good
citizen.
 Roman Law and Rights

Roman laws stressed fairness and common sense.

There was equal treatment under the law in Rome and
people were considered innocent until proved guilty
when accused of a crime.
We took much of our system of government from the
Romans.
Roman Art

Mosaics were popular in Rome. A mosaic is a

picture made out of small, colored tiles or pieces
of glass.
The Romans also made great statues that looked
like the real thing, even though they were made
from stone.
 Rome’s first emperor

Octavian is Rome’s first

emperor.
He took the name Augustus
Caesar.
Under his rule, Rome
expanded and enjoyed a
period of peace.
Pax Romana

Rome lived in peace for 200 years.

It was called the Pax Romana, the Peace of
Rome. Unfortunately for Rome, the peace
would not last.
Rome grew weak

Rome grew weak because it had grown too large.

Another reason Rome grew weak is that they had tax
problems and couldn’t raise enough money to keep the
roads from crumbling.
Slavery was also a problem in the empire. With so many
slaves, the people did not need to work.
Internal problems that helped Rome’s downfall were corrupt generals,
civil wars, and economic problems.
Barbarians at the gates

Romans called the people who destroyed Rome

Barbarians.
Romans called anyone who didn’t speak Greek, even
though the word barbarian actually means uncivilized,
lacking in culture and violent.
The Roman Empire fell in 476 AD.
The eastern part of the empire would survive.
 NEWSPAPERS

The first newspaper known as “gazettes”, contained

announcements of the Roman Empire to the people. Made
before the invention of paper, these gazettes were
engraved in metal or stone tablets and the publicly
displayed
 BOUND BOOKS or CODEX

With this invention of paper, it

became easier for civilizations to
write down everything that
happened in their time. Record-
keeping was much easier since
paper did not easily break, was
lightweight and did not occupy
much space.
 ROMAN ARCHITECTURE

Rome built great roads to travel on and

aqueducts to bring water into the city.
Rome also built great stadiums and
amphitheaters for the entertainment of the
people.
Romans also developed the use of the arch.
 ROMAN NUMERALS

Roman devised their own

number system specifically to
address the need for a
standard counting method
that would meet their
increasing communication
and trade concerns.
 The Chinese civilization is considered to be the
oldest civilization in Asia, if not the world. Also
known as the middle kingdom, China is located
on the far east of Asia. It was famous among
other ancient civilizations because of its silk
trade.
 SILK
One of the things that
connected Far East China to
the world is Silk. Although silk is
naturally produced by silk
worms, the Chinese were the
ones who developed the
technology to harvest the silk
and process it to produce
paper and clothing.
TEA PRODUCTION
Tea production was
developed when an unknown
Chinese inventor created a
machine that was able to shred
tea leaves into strips. This
machine was done using a
wheel-based mechanism with
sharp edges attached to a
wooden or ceramic pot.
 GREAT WALL of CHINA

Once considered the only man-made structure that

could be seen from outer space, the Great Wall of China
is said to be the largest and most extensive infrastructure
that the nation built. It was constructed to keep out
foreign invaders and control the borders of China. Made
with stone, brick, wood, earth and other materials, it
showcased the extent of Chinese engineering technology
at that time.
 GUNPOWDER

The gunpowder was one of the most

interesting inventions in China.
Originally, it was developed by Chinese
alchemists who aimed to achieve
immortality. They mixed charcoal, sulfur
and potassium nitrate, but instead of
creating an elixir of life, they
accidentally invented a black powder
that could actually generate large
amounts of heat and gas in an instant.
 The start of the middle ages was marred by massive
invasions and migrations. Wars were prevalent during this time.
As such, great technology was needed in the fields of
weaponry, navigation, mass food farm production, and
health. The wars have resulted in population decline, but
during the latter part of the period, there was a significant rise
in the population. Trade and commerce among nations
increased, which resulted in greater demands for
transportation technology. Some of the most innovative minds
came from this period.
 PRINTING PRESS

Johann Gutenberg
- invented the printing press, a more reliable way of
printing using a cast type. He utilized wooden
machines that extracted juices from fruits, attached
them to a metal impression of the letters, and pressed
firmly the cast metal into a piece of paper, which
then made an exact impression on paper.
 MICROSCOPE
To develop the proper medicines
for illnesses, experts must understand
sickness through an investigation.
Thus, they needed a device that
could magnify things invisible to the
eye. Guided by the principles used
for the inventions of eyeglasses in
earlier years, ZACHARIAS JANSEN was
able to develop the first compound
microscope.
 TELESCOPE
Considering the
Since the vast and empty
Middle ages oceans that
was also separated lands,
known as the ship captain
Age of needed to see far
and wide for them
Exploration,
to navigate or to
the need for avoid dangers at
nautical sea. That why
inventions was telescope was
high. created.
 WAR WEAPONS

Since wars were widespread during the middle ages, great

development in the weaponry technology also occurred. All sides
must develop weaponries not only as offensive tools but also as
defensive instruments.
 The booming world population during the nineteenth
century onwards demanded that more goods to be
produced at a faster rate. People needed efficient means of
transportation to trade more goods and cover a larger
distance. Machines that required animals to operate must
thus be upgraded. Faster and easier means to
communicate and compute should be developed to
establish connections between and among nations.
 PASTEURIZATION

Louis Pasteur, a French Biologist,

microbiologist, and chemist
invented pasteurization, the
process of heating dairy products
to kill the harmful bacteria that
allow them to spoil faster. Through
this process, milk could be stored
and consumed for a longer
period.
PETROLEUM REFINERY

Samuel M. Kier, invented

kerosene by refining
petroleum. Kerosene was latter
on referred to as the
“ILLUMINATING OIL” because it
was used at first to provide
lighting to homes. After some
time it was applied for heating
purposes.
 TELEPHONE

The development of telephone by Alexander Graham Bell was

one of the most important inventions in modern times. Government
needed that kind of communication system which will allow them to
administer their states well.
 CALCULATOR
Although an earlier version of the
calculator has already been
developed, circumstances in the
modern times required a faster way
to compute more complicated
equations. The creation of modern
calculators did not only pave the way
for easier arithmetic calculations, but
also resulted in the development of
more complex processing machines
like the computer.
PHILIPPINE INVENTIONS

SALAMANDER AMPHIBIOUS TRICYCLE

“The Salamander” is an amphibious tricycle that can run both land
and on water.
This Salamander amphibious tricycle is an amphibious type tricycle
that can sail through Manila’s flooded streets, cross rivers and lakes,
and can even go island-hopping.
It was designed by a famous car designer named Atoy Llave who
was in charge of the “Atoy Bodykits” and is well know among car
lovers.
One main reason Atoy build the Salamander is to “show the world
that the Filipino can”. And hoping the mentally of the Filipino people
will change that “it’s just a Philippine made, there’s one better
abroad”. And one more obstacle he has to face is the lack of
funding. This is the biggest and the oldest problem of any brilliant
Filipino creators.
SALT LAMP

The SALt lamp is the brainchild of Aisa

Mijeno, an engineer (along with her
brother Raphael), who was inspired by
members of the Butbut tribe in Kalinga
who rely on kerosene lamps for their
main source of lighting. Marketed as a
“saltwater-powered” lamp, it easily
showed promise as a sustainable
alternative to old technologies.
MEDICAL INCUBATOR

Doctor Fe Del Mundo is credited

with studies that lead to the
invention of an improved
incubator and a jaundice-
relieving device. She has
dedicated her life to the cause
of pediatrics in the
Philippines. Her pioneering work
in pediatrics in the Philippines in
an active medical practice that
spanned 8 decades.
MOSQUITO OVICIDAL/LARVICIDAL TRAP SYSTEM

The Philippine Mosquito Ovicidal/Larvicidal (OL) Trap System: DOST Anti-

Dengue Device’s ovicidal and larvicidal effect prevent the next generation of
mosquitoes from reaching adulthood, thus curbing the Aedes mosquito
population. The technology is locally developed and makes use of indigenous
materials which is “Paminta” or Black Pepper as the active
ingredient/component in the Ovicidal/Larvicidal Pellet. The DOST Mosquito OL
Trap System is safe and makes use of an organic and natural material larvicide as
compared to the imported synthetic larvicides. It is user- as well as
environmentally-friendly. It is non-toxic, easy to use and affordable. The idea is to
attract mosquitoes, particularly the Aedes aegypti (dengue carrier), to lay their
eggs on the lawanit paddle. The trap creates optimum conditions for this species
to lay its eggs: stagnant, clean, clear water, dark area and damp rough surface.
 EJEEPNEY

Electric Jeepneys (eJeepneys), the first public transport of its kind in

Southeast Asia, were launched 1 July 2008 in a historic drive along
Ayala Avenue in Makati.
The eJeepney runs on pure electricity supplied by rechargeable
automotive batteries thus it does not consume either gasoline or
diesel to operate. It therefore has no noise, no fumes, no harmful
emissions. It can be charged overnight for about eight hours on an
ordinary wall outlet, much like charging a cellphone and run the next
day for a minimum of 65 kms.
END OF CHAPTER 1