Psycho-Socio

Foundation of
Education
Educ 202
 What constitute the
foundation of education?

There are several foundations:

Psychological: the science of human
behavior, including all sorts of responses to
situation that arise and those responses may
be conscious or unconscious, mental,
physical or glandular, covert or overt.

Sociological: It is the study of society or

people living in groups and their social
behavior.
Anthropological: It is the study of
civilizations, of the cultural
development, beliefs, customs, mores,
traditions, superstitions, etc of mankind.

Philosophical: It s a way of thinking; the

study of the truth or principles
underlying something.
 Schools and Movements of Psychology

 1. STRUCTURALISM (Introspective Psychology) Edward B. Tichener

Structuralism, was centered on investigating the

structure of the mind. Wundt believed that
psychology should focus on breaking down
consciousness into its basic elements, in much
the same way a child would pull apart a toy to
reveal its component parts.

For example, if you were presented with a slice of cake, it

would not be enough to simply identify the type of food
before you. You would also need to explain the basic
elements of the cake that you able to sense. For example,
you might describe the taste, smell, texture, colour, and
shape of the cake in as much detail as possible.
 Schools and Movements of Psychology

 6. Psychoanalysis – Sigmund Freud

Freud compared the human psyche to an iceberg – only a
small portion is visible to others with most of it lying below the
surface. Freud also believed that many of the factors that
influence our thoughts and actions lie outside of conscious
awareness and operate entirely in our unconscious. Psychology
therefore needed to study these unconscious drives, motives
and impulses to arrive at a more complete understanding of
the individual.
Sigmund Freud determined that the personality consists of three different elements,
the id, the ego and the superego. The id is the aspect of personality that is driven by
internal and basic drives and needs. These are typically instinctual, such as hunger,
thirst, and the drive for sex, or libido. The ego is driven by reality principle. The ego works
to balance both the id and superego. To balance these, it works to achieve the id's
drive in the most realistic ways. It seeks to rationalize the id's instinct and please the
drives that benefit the individual in the long term. It helps separate what is real, and
realistic of our drives as well as being realistic about the standards that the superego
sets for the individual. The superego is driven by morality principle. It acts in connection
with the morality of higher thought and action. Instead of instinctively acting like the id,
the superego works to act in socially acceptable ways. It employs morality, judging our
sense of wrong and right and using guilt to encourage socially acceptable behavior.
If FIXATION occurs during
Phallic and Genital Stages,
it may results to
Sexual Paraphilia
(Sexual Deviancy)
 Psychologists use the term Paraphilia for deviant types
of sexual expression such as Fetishism, Transvestic
Fetishism (Cross Dressing), Sexual sadism, Sexual
masochism,
Autoerotic asphyxia, Exhibitionism, Voyeurism,
Frotteurism, Zoophilia /bestiality, Necrophilia, and at
the extreme end of the continuum—pedophilia,
. incest
and rape.
Paraphilia literally means “beyond usual or typical
love” and is the term generally used to describe
sexual behaviors wherein sexual arousal and response
are triggered by an unusual object or a bizarre
activity. The American Psychiatric Association deems
such behavior as a negation of loving relationship and
expression of “psychosexually disordered behavior.”

Sexual Paraphilia
(Sexual Deviancy)
 Broadly all Deviant sexual behaviour may be classified
into two types depending on presence of mutual
consent or not :
Non-coercive paraphilias and Coercive paraphilias.
 Non-coercive paraphilia - because some of them
are strictly solo activities or they involve consensual
adults who agree to participate in a particular variant
behavior and coercive paraphilia that is a sex offense
forced upon another. Sometimes there maybe use of
force in non-coercive paraphilias that involve sexual
gratification for money as in prostitution.

Sexual Paraphilia
(Sexual Deviancy)
 Nor-coercive Paraphilia
1. Fetishism: Refers to obtaining sexual excitement
primarily or exclusively from inanimate objects such
as women’s lingerie, gloves and high-heeled shoes.
2. Partialism is sexual obsession with a nonsexual part
of the human body such as feet and legs.
3. Transvestic Fetishism or Cross dressing:This involves
getting sexually aroused by wearing clothes of the
opposite sex
4. Bondage or Vincilagnia: Some people derive sexual
pleasure from being bound or restricted by a co-
operative partner who then “administers discipline”
such as spanking or whipping.

Sexual Paraphilia
(Nor-coercive Paraphilia)
 Nor-coercive Paraphilia
5. Sexual Sadomasochism: Sexual sadism andsexual
masochism are discussed in the common category
that associates sexual expression with pain. People
with sadomasochistic preferences are sexually
aroused by being whipped, cut, pierced with
needles and pins and spanked or by inflicting all of
the above on another.
6. Sexual sadism refers to the act of finding sexual
excitement through inflicting physical or
psychological pain on another. Sexual
masochism refers to being sexually aroused by
receiving physical or psychological pain.

Sexual Paraphilia
(Nor-coercive Paraphilia)
 Nor-coercive Paraphilia
7. Autoerotic Asphyxia: This is a very rare and
dangerous form of deviant sexual behavior where a
person tries to reduce the oxygen supply to the
brain using a rope and then releasing it at the time
of orgasm. It follows an age-old sexual ritual of
tightly constricting the neck to intensify sexual
stimulation while masturbating.
8. BDSM is a complex acronym emerging from the
terms Bondage and Discipline, Dominance and
Submission and Sadomasochism. Those who
participate in sadomasochistic sexual practices say
that the common BDSM rule of thumb is that “one
should hurt, not harm.”

Sexual Paraphilia
(Nor-coercive Paraphilia)
 Coercive Paraphilia
Coercive Paraphilia - is a deviant sexual behavior
forced on an unwilling person that violates the
person’s basic rights and almost always leaves the
person traumatized after the distasteful experience
1. Pedophilia: An adult’s sexual attraction to a child is
called pedophilia.Child sexual abuse
likeinappropriate touching, oral-genital stimulation
or sexual intercourse with a child is a crime.
2. Exhibitionism: It is a recurrent urge or behavior of
indecently exposing one’s genital areas to an
unsuspecting, unwilling person. It is also includes the
recurrent urge or
behavior to perform sexual acts in a public
place or before unsuspecting, unwilling persons.
Sexual Paraphilia
(Coercive Paraphilia)
 Coercive Paraphilia
3. Voyeurism: Some people derive sexual pleasure
from looking at others undressing, others’ naked
bodies or sexual activities of others without their
knowledge or consent.
4. Frotteurism: This is a common coercive paraphilia in
which a fully clothed man derives sexual pleasure
by rubbing against a fully clothed female in a
crowded public place as in a bus or an elevator.
Sometimes the person may be sexually aroused
when he pretends to accidentally let his hand brush
against a woman’s thighs, breasts or buttocks.

Sexual Paraphilia
(Coercive Paraphilia)
 Coercive Paraphilia
5. Zoophilia/Bestiality: Sexual contact between
humans and animals is called bestiality. Studies
show that some people who work in farms
use calves, sheep, donkeys, ducks, dogs and cats
for sexual arousal and also that some women allow
domestic pets like dogs and cats to fondle and lick
their body for sexual arousal.
In addition to these there are other instances of sexual
deviance like :
Necrophilia- sexually aroused by dead bodies
Klismaphilia - sexually aroused by enemas
Coprophilia - sexually aroused by fecal matter
Urophilia - sexually aroused by urine

Sexual Paraphilia
(Coercive Paraphilia)
 Schools and Movements of Psychology

 2. Functionalism - William James

Function in this sense can mean one of

two things – first, how the mind operates
– that is, how the elements of the mind
work together – and second, how
mental processes promote adaptation.
James believed that mental processes
serve vital functions that enable us to
adapt and survive in a changing world.
Thus, while the structuralists asked “what
happens” when we engage in mental
activity, the functionalists were more
concerned with “how it happens” and
“why.” (survival of the fittest)
 Schools and Movements of Psychology

 3. Behaviorism (S-R Psychology) – John B. Watson

The emphasis, from his perspective,

should only be on overt or observable
behavior. Behaviourists believed that
human behavior can be understood by
examining the relationship between
stimuli (events in the environment) and
responses (observable behavior).

B.F. Skinner, another famous behaviourist, supported

Watson’s view by advancing the idea that human
behavior can be explained by reinforcement and
punishment – observable, environmental factors – with no
need to consider inner mental processes.
 Schools and Movements of Psychology

 4. Gestalt – Max Wertheimer

Gestalt psychologists believed that

psychology should study human
experience as a “whole,” not in
terms of separate elements

Their slogan, “the whole is greater than the sum

of its parts” conveyed the idea that meaning is
often lost when psychological events are broken
down; only when these pieces are analyzed
together and the whole pattern is visible do we
find true meaning in our experiences.
 Schools and Movements of Psychology

 5. Humanistic – Carl Rogers

Humanistic psychologists, however, viewed

humans as free agents capable of controlling
their own lives (as opposed to being controlled),
making their own choices, setting goals and
working to achieve them. Humanism asserted a
positive view of human nature, stressing that
humans are inherently good.