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INTRODUCTION
With increasing complexities of the technological
world, need to simplify the work system has been
increasing day by day.
PRODUCTIVITY ENHANCEMENT,
HUMAN COMFORT & SAFETY
EVOLUTION OF WORK STUDY
Taylorism
• Which is the best way to do this job?
• What should constitute a day's work?
• Selection of the best worker, training, teaching him
• The division of the work equally
• Time study
– Divide each task into work elements
– Time each element separately
– Useful than timing the whole task
Gilbreths
Motion‐study:
Study of the body motions, eliminating unnecessary motions,
simplifying necessary motions, and then establishing the most
favorable motion sequence for maximum efficiency.
2. RECORD
All the details concerning job using various Recording Techniques
3. EXAMINE
Recorded facts critically by asking questions like who, what, when, why
4. DEVELOP
Most economical method
5. MEASURE
The amount of work involved and set standard time to do that job
6. DEFINE
New method and standard time
7. INSTALL
The new method as a standard practice
8. MAINTAIN
New method as agreed standards
PRINCIPLES OF WORK STUDY
METHOD STUDY
• Motion Study : Examine the
job and finding more
efficient method to perform
it
WORK MEASUREMENT
• Time Study : Determine the
time necessary to perform a
job and its elements
BENEFITS OF WORK STUDY
7
MANUFACTURING TIME
9
REASONS FOR EXCESS WORK CONTENT
A. Defects in design
D. Work-man attributes
8
Method Study
METHOD STUDY
10
METHOD STUDY
Objectives
Critical examination of facts
Develop best possible solution
Eliminate unnecessary operations
Add value & Avoid delays
Optimize 3M
11
METHOD STUDY PROCEDURE
SELECT
RECORD
EXAMINE
DEVELOP
DEFINE
INSTALL
12
MAINTAIN
JOB SELECTION
Economic aspect
Technical aspect
Human aspect
13
RECORDING TECHNIQUES
CHARTS
Macro-motion charts
Micro-motion charts
DIAGRAMS
Flow & String diagrams
Cycle graph & Chronocycle graph
15
CRITICAL EXAMINATION
A systematic and progressive series of
questions with the purpose of determining true
reasons
54
DEVELOPMENT & SELECTION OF IMPROVED METHOD
Eliminate all unnecessary operations
Combine operations & elements
Change the sequence of operations
Simplify the necessary operations
Recommendation phase
Implementation phase
61
MAINTAIN THE PROPOSED METHOD
Follow-up
Monitoring & control
Audit of the savings
Review of the approach
Evaluation of effectiveness of
proposed method
62
METHOD STUDY SYMBOLS
14
Work Measurement
DEFINITION :-
66
Time study
3)DEFINE (THE ELEMENT, BREAK THE JOB INTO CONVENIENT FOR TIMING)
4)MEASURE (TIME DURATION FOR EACH ELEMENT AND ASSESS THE RATING)
A repetitive element – Is an element which occurs in every work cycle of the job.
An occasional element - does not occur in each work cycle of the job, but
which may occur at regular or irregular intervals. e.g. machine setting.
A variable element - is an element for which the basic time varies in relation to
some characteristics of the product, equipment or process, e.g. dimensions, weight,
quality etc. e.g. push trolley of parts to next shop.
Types of element
Relaxation allowances
Variable allowances
Interference allowances
Contingency allowances
Policy allowances
ALLOWANCES
74
STANDARD TIME COMPUTATION
75
EXAMPLE on how to calculate standard time:
WORK MEASUREMENT
Work sampling was originally developed by L.H.C. Tippett in Britain in 1934 for the
British Cotton Industry Research Board.
DEFINATION:-
A technique in which a statistically competent number of instantaneous
observations are taken, over a period time, of a group of machines,processes or
workers.
Work Sampling has three main applications:-
1) Activity and delay Sampling:- To measure the activities and delays of workers
and machines.
2) Performance Sampling:- To measure working time and non working time of a
person on a manual work and to establish a performance index or
performance level for a person during his working time.
3) Work Measurement:- Under certain circumstances, to measure manual task that
is to established a time standard for an operation.
What is job design
1. Major Concern
2. Purpose of Job Design
3. Affect on Employee
4. Impact
Design factor
Lighting
Ventilation
Behavioural dimensions of job design
Job rotation
Job enlargement
Job enrichment
Job Rotation: Job Enlargement
:Job Enrichment:
Job Rotation: Refers to the movement of an employee from one Job to
another.
Please note: Jobs themselves are not actually Changed, only employees
are Rotated among various jobs.
Job Enlargement: When a job is enlarged the tasks being performed are
either enlarged or several short tasks are given to on worker, thus the scope
of the Job is increased because there are many tasks to be performed by
the same worker.
Engineering Approach:
Human Approach:
Job Characteristics Approach:
Engineering Approach:
The Human relations approach recognized the need to design jobs which are
interesting and rewarding.
Herzberg’s research popularized the notion of enhancing need satisfaction through
what is called job enrichment.
Factors involved:
Motivators like achievement, recognition, work itself, responsibility, advancement and
growth and Hygienic factors.
According to Herzberg. The Employee is dissatisfied with the job if required
maintenance factors to the required degree are not introduced into the job.
Job Characteristics Approach
Theory by Hackman and Oldham states that employees will work hard when they
are rewarded for the work they do and when the work gives them satisfaction.
Hence integration of motivation, satisfaction and performance with job design.
According to this approach Job can be described in terms of five core job
dimensions:
1. Skill Variety
2. Task Identity
3. Task significance
4. Autonomy
5. Feedback
Job Design Process: