AR 2502

SPECIFICATIONS AND ESTIMATION

UNIT – II

1. SPECIFICATION FOR CLASS I, II, III BUILDINGS

NBC CLASSIFICATIONS – BASED ON FIRE RATING

CPWD CLASSIFICATION – BASED ON INTEGRITY (STRUCTURAL, WEATHERING, DURABILITY)

CLASS 1
• FOUNDATION & PLINTH – FIRST CALSS BURNT BRICKS, LIME / CEMENT MORTAR
• SUPER STRUCTURE - FIRST CALSS BURNT BRICKS, LIME / CEMENT MORTAR
• DPC – 8CM THK. CEMENT CONCRETE (1:2:4), WITH A LAYER OF BITUMEN.
• ROOFING – RCC
• FLOORING – PCC, MOSAIC, TERRAZO
• DOORS & WINDOWS – TEAK WOOD
• FINISHES – 12MM THK. CEMENT MORTAR PLASTERING, WITH 2 COATS OF OBD / EMULSION
CLASS 2
• FOUNDATION & PLINTH – FIRST CALSS BURNT BRICKS, LIME / CEMENT MORTAR
• SUPER STRUCTURE - FIRST CALSS BURNT BRICKS MUD MORTAR
• DPC – 4CM THK. CEMENT CONCRETE (1:2:4), WITH A LAYER OF BITUMEN.
• ROOFING – RCC FOR CRITICAL AREAS, FIRST / SECOND CLASS MUD ROOF FOR OTHER
NON CRITICAL ZONES
• FLOORING – PCC, TERRAZO.
• DOORS & WINDOWS – WELL SEASONED COUNTRY WOOD
• FINISHES – 12MM THK. CEMENT MORTAR PLASTERING, WITH 3 COATS OF WHITE WASH
 CLASS 3
• FOUNDATION & PLINTH – SECOND CALSS BURNT BRICKS, LIME MORTAR
• SUPER STRUCTURE - SECOND CALSS BURNT BRICKS MUD MORTAR
• DPC – 4CM THK. CEMENT CONCRETE (1:2:4), WITH A LAYER OF BITUMEN.
• ROOFING –SECOND CLASS MUD ROOF / G.I SHEETS
• FLOORING – BRICK FLOORS OVER MUD CONCRETE.
• DOORS & WINDOWS – SECOND CLASS COUNTRY WOOD
• FINISHES – 12MM THK. MUD PLASTERING, WITH 3 COATS OF WHITE WASH

2. DETAILED SPECIFICATIONS

I. EARTH WORK - EXCAVATION

WHAT FOR? FOUNDATION SIZE AND DEPTH

SITE CONDITION SOIL CLAY / SAND / ROCK PRECAUTION
TIME LINE MANUAL / EQUIPMENT
COST
EXCAVATED EARTH DUMPING / LEVELLING
Sl.No. Code No. Qty Description Rate Unit Amount

3. EARTH WORK

Excavation - Manual

3.1.1 Open excavation in all kinds of soil including sand,

silt, wet sand under water, black cotton, stiff black
cotton, clay, hard stiff clay, hard red earth, murram,
stone earth, gravel, shales and small size boulders
with maximum 30cm on any one side etc. except
all kinds of rock including rough dressing and
dumping the excavated materials away from
work site manually within 50m initial lead and 2m
initial lift as per the direction of Engineer-in-charge.

Per 1 Cu.m.

FOUNDATION SIZE AND DEPTH AS PER DWG.

SITE CONDITION SOIL CLAY / SAND PRECAUTION - NONE
TIME LINE NC. MANUAL
COST MIN.
EXCAVATED EARTH DUMPING / LEVELLING
3.1.3 Open excavation in soft disintegrated rock,
disintegrated rock, laterite, soft rock or kankar not
requiring blasting and depositing excavated
materials manually within 50m. Initial lead and 2 m
initial lift including rough dressing as per
specification and as instructed by the Engineer-in-
charge.

FOUNDATION SIZE AND DEPTH AS PER DWG.

SITE CONDITION SOIL ROCK PRECAUTION – DRESSING
TIME LINE NC. MANUAL
COST MIN.
EXCAVATED EARTH DUMPING / LEVELLING
3.1.9 Open Excavation by drilling and blasting hard
rock of all toughness and boulders having 30cm
or more on any one side and conveying the
blasted materials within 50m. Initial lead and 2m
initial lift including rough dressing as per
specification of the department including
stacking useful stones and disposal of muck
manually as directed by the Engineer-in-charge.

FOUNDATION SIZE AND DEPTH AS PER DWG.

SITE CONDITION SOIL ROCK – DRILLING / BLASTING
PRECAUTION – ROUGH DRESSING, STACKING USEFUL STONES & DISPOSING MUCK
TIME LINE NC. MANUAL
COST MIN.
EXCAVATED EARTH DUMPING / LEVELLING
EXERCISE

FOUNDATION SIZE AND DEPTH AS PER DWG.

SITE CONDITION SOIL CLAY / SAND PRECAUTION - NONE
TIME LINE MIN. MECHANICAL
COST NC.
EXCAVATED EARTH DUMPING / LEVELLING
II. PLAIN CEMENT CONCRETE

WHAT FOR? FOUNDATION SIZE AND DEPTH AS PER DWG.

FORM WORK WOODEN PLANKS AND POST / STEEL JACKS AND SHEETS
TIME LINE MANUAL / EQUIPMENT
COST MIN.
CURING SHALL BE ADDED TO SPEC.

6.1 Providing and laying in position cement concrete

for Reinforced cement concrete works of
specified grade using graded aggregates
excluding the cost of centering, shuttering, but
including curing and removal of centering
complete.

3
Details for 1 m

6.1.1 1:1:2 (One cement, one sand and two

aggregate)

Materials:

3
2.4.7 Stone aggregate 20mm 0 m 0.000
3
2.4.9 Stone aggregate 10mm 0 m 0.000
2.4.1 Cement 0 MT 0.000
3
2.4.3 Sand including wastage and bulkage 0 m 0.000
III. REINFORCED CEMENT CONCRETE

WHAT FOR? SLAB SIZE AND DEPTH AS PER DWG.

FORM WORK WOODEN PLANKS AND POST / STEEL JACKS AND SHEETS
TIME LINE MANUAL / EQUIPMENT
COST MIN.
CURING SHALL BE ADDED TO SPEC.

6.1 Providing and laying in position cement concrete

for Reinforced cement concrete works of specified
grade using graded aggregates excluding the cost
of centering, shuttering, reinforcement but
including curing and removal of centering
complete.

3
Details for 1 m

6.1.1 1:1:2 (One cement, one sand and two aggregate)

 WHAT FOR? SLAB SIZE AND DEPTH AS PER DWG.
FORM WORK WOODEN PLANKS AND POST / STEEL JACKS AND SHEETS
TIME LINE MANUAL / EQUIPMENT
COST MIN.
CURING SHALL BE ADDED TO SPEC.

6.2.2 Providing and laying in position machine batched,

machine mixed and machine vibrated design mix
concrete of M25 for reinforced cement concrete
structural elements under controlled WATER
CEMENT RATIO using 20mm and down graded
machine broken granite stone jelly excluding the
cost of centering and shuttering and reinforcement
but including curing, finishing fixing fan clamps
etc., as per standard specification and as directed
by departmental officers.

3
Details for 1 m
 WHAT FOR? SLAB SIZE AND DEPTH AS PER DWG.
FORM WORK WOODEN PLANKS AND POST / STEEL JACKS AND SHEETS
TIME LINE MANUAL / EQUIPMENT
COST MIN.
CURING SHALL BE ADDED TO SPEC.

Ready Mix Concrete confirming to IS 456-

2000 for reinforced cement concrete structural
elements under controlled water cement ratio
using 20mm and down graded machine
6.3 broken granite stone jelly excluding the cost
of centering and shuttering and reinforcement
but including curing, finishing, fixing fan clamps
etc., as per standard specification and as
directed by departmental officers complete.

3
Details for 1m
EXERCISE

WHAT FOR? SLAB SIZE AND DEPTH AS PER DWG.

FORM WORK STEEL JACKS AND SHEETS
TIME LINE EQUIPMENT
COST MIN.
CURING SHALL BE ADDED TO SPEC.
COVER BLOCKS 40MM
WATER PROOFING – ADMIXTURES
IV. 1ST CLASS BRICK WORK

WHAT FOR? LOAD BEARING WALL CONFIGURATION AS PER DWG.

TIME LINE MANUAL / EQUIPMENT
COST MIN.
CURING SHALL BE ADDED TO SPEC.
FINISHING (OPTIONAL) CEMENT MORTAR (INTERNAL / EXTERNAL)
DPC – 8 / 4 CM THK. (1:2:4) MIX

7.1 Brick work in cement mortar 1:3 (one cement

and three sand) using High Strength Bricks
(ENGLISH BOND) including curing finishing
etc., complete complying with standard
specification and as directed by the
departmental officers.

3
Details for 1 m
Materials:
2.4.16 415.000 nos. High strength bricks 0 1000 0.000
nos
3 3
4.2.4 0.220 m Cement mortar 1:3 0.00 m 0.000
IV. 2ND CLASS BRICK WORK

WHAT FOR? PARTITION WALL CONFIGURATION AS PER DWG.

TIME LINE MANUAL / EQUIPMENT
COST MIN.
CURING SHALL BE ADDED TO SPEC.
FINISHING (OPTIONAL) CEMENT MORTAR (INTERNAL / EXTERNAL)

Brick work in cement mortar 1:5 (one cement

and five sand) using Low Strength Bricks
7.3 including curing finishing etc., complete
complying with standard specification and as
directed by the departmental officers.

3
Details for 1 m

Materials:

1000
2.4.18 nos. Low strength bricks 0 0.000
nos
3 3
4.2.6 m Cement mortar 1:5 0.00 m 0.000
V. FLOORING

WHAT MATERIAL CERAMIC TILES DESIGN AS PER DWG.

TIME LINE WITH / WITHOUT SPACER
COST MIN.
POINTING SHALL BE ADDED TO SPEC.
PRICE RANGE X – Y / SQFT.

Flooring with plain/design ceramic tiles (colour

and shade as directed) in all levels over a base
layer of cement mortar 1:3 (one cement and
11.16 TILE SIZE
three sand ) 20mm thick laid in-situ and pointed
with white cement @ 0.4 kg/ sq.m. mixed with
coloured pigment.

EXERCISE

WRITE A SPEC FOR VITRIFIED TILES …….

V. FLOORING

WHAT MATERIAL MARBLES DESIGN AS PER DWG.

FINISHING ROUGH / SMOOTH / FINE
COST MIN.
POINTING SHALL BE ADDED TO SPEC.
PRICE RANGE X – Y / SQFT.

Flooring with Macrona white Marble slabs,of size

1200x1200x18mm free from all defects in all floors
including border tiles if necessary over a base layer of
CM 1:3, 20mm thick. The marble slab shall be laid over
the cement mortar by applying white cement slurry
between base mortar and marble slab. The entire area of
the marble flooring so laid shall be pointed with white
11.21 cement neatly including polishing with polishing stone of
grade 80 for rough grade 200 for medium and grade 360
for nice using necessary oxalic acid etc so as to have
glossy and smooth and including hire charges for
polishing machine and power consumption charges etc.
The macrona marble slabs polishing stones, oxalic acid,
tin acid etc., shall be got approved before use. complete
.
VI. WOOD WORK

WHAT FOR ? DOORS DESIGN AS PER DWG.

FINISHING NOT INCLUDED
COST MIN.
WOOD TEAK WOOD / COUNTRY WOOD

9.1.1
Supplying and fixing T.W Frames up to 2.1m height for
doors, windows, ventilators and other similar joinery
works with approved sizes and sections including
labour charges for wrought and put up in position
excluding cost of clamps complete in all floors.

9.4
Supplying and fixing the following type of T.W.shutter
including cost of wind appliance, furniture fittings (6nos.
125mm aluminium hinges, 2no. 200x10mm aluminium
tower bolt, 1no. 150x10mm aluminium tower bolt and 1
no. 200x12mm aluminium aldrop, 2nos.125 x 32mm
handle and 2 nos.150mm floor stoper ) labour charges
for fixing furniture fittings etc., complete.
(Top and intermediate rail of size 75mm and bottom rail
of size 150mm)
Double leaf shutters with five panels using 22mm thick
teak wood planks. - 40mm thick.
UNIT – III

ESTIMATION IS THE SCIENTIFIC WAY OF WORKING OUT THE APPROXIMATE COST OF AN ENGINEERING
PROJECT BEFORE EXECUTION OF THE WORK.

• IT IS TOTALLY DIFFERENT FROM CALCULATION OF THE EXACT COST AFTER COMPLETION OF THE
PROJECT.

• ESTIMATION REQUIRES A THOROUGH KNOWLEDGE OF THE CONSTRUCTION PROCEDURES AND COST

OF MATERIALS & LABOUR IN ADDITION TO THE SKILL , EXPERIENCE, FORESIGHT AND GOOD JUDGMENT.

• FOR A GOOD ESTIMATE THE, ACTUAL COST OF THE PROPOSED WORK AFTER COMPLETION SHOULD
NOT DIFFER BY MORE THEN 5 TO 10 % FROM ITS APPROXIMATE COST ESTIMATE, PROVIDED THERE ARE
NO UNUSUAL, UNFORESEEN CIRCUMSTANCES.
ESSENTIAL QUALITIES OF A GOOD ESTIMATOR

A GOOD ESTIMATOR OF CONSTRUCTION COSTS SHOULD POSSESS THE FOLLOWING CAPABILITIES

1 . A KNOWLEDGE OF THE DETAILS OF CONSTRUCTION WORK.

2 . EXPERIENCE IN CONSTRUCTION WORK.

3. HAVING INFORMATION REGARDING THE MATERIALS REQUIRED, MACHINERY NEEDED, OVERHEAD

PROBLEMS, AND COSTS OF ALL KINDS.

4. GOOD JUDGMENT WITH REGARD TO DIFFERENT LOCALITIES, DIFFERENT JOBS AND DIFFERENT
WORKMEN.

5 . SELECTION OF A GOOD METHOD FOR PREPARING AN ESTIMATE.

6 . ABILITY TO BE CAREFUL, THOROUGH, HARD WORKING AND ACCURATE.

7 . ABILITY TO COLLECT, CLASSIFY AND EVALUATE DATA RELATING TO ESTIMATION.

8 . ABILITY TO VISUALIZE ALL THE STEPS DURING THE PROCESS OF CONSTRUCTION.

TYPES OF ESTIMATES
THERE ARE TWO MAIN TYPES OF ESTIMATES:-

1 . ROUGH COST ESTIMATE.

2 . DETAILED ESTIMATE.

DEPENDING UPON THE PURPOSE OF ESTIMATE, SOME TYPES OF DETAILED ESTIMATE ARE AS
FOLLOWS:-

CONTRACTOR'S ESTIMATE

ENGINEER'S ESTIMATE

PROGRESS ESTIMATE
CONTRACTOR ESTIMATE
IT IS MADE BY THE CONTRACTOR FOR DETERMINING THE PRICE OR PRICES TO BE BID.
IT IS USUALLY A CAREFULLY PREPARED DETAILED ESTIMATE.

ENGINEER’S ESTIMATE

THIS TYPE OF ESTIMATE IS MADE BY THE ENGINEER (CONSULTANT) USUALLY FOR THE PURPOSES OF
FINANCING THE WORK AND FOR CHECKING BIDS AND RUNNING BILLS SUBMITTED BY CONTRACTORS.
PROGRESS ESTIMATE
THESE ARE MADE BY THE ENGINEER AT REGULAR INTERVALS FOR THE COMPLETED PARTS OF THE PROJECT
DURING THE PROGRESS OF THE WORK FOR DETERMINING THE AMOUNTS OF PARTIAL PAYMENTS TO BE
MADE TO THE CONTRACTOR.
ON LARGE CONTRACTS, SUCH ESTIMATES ARE COMMONLY MADE EACH MONTH AND, HENCE, ARE
FREQUENTLY CALLED MONTHLY ESTIMATES.
NEED FOR ESTIMATE
ROUGH COST ESTIMATE
•ESTIMATION OF COST BEFORE CONSTRUCTION FROM PLANS OR ARCHITECTURAL DRAWINGS OF THE
PROJECT SCHEME, WHEN EVEN DETAILED OR STRUCTURAL DESIGN HAS NOT BEEN CARRIED OUT, IS
CALLED ROUGH COST ESTIMATE.

•THESE ESTIMATES ARE USED FOR OBTAINING ADMINISTRATIVE APPROVAL FROM THE CONCERNING
AUTHORITIES.

•SOMETIMES, ON THE BASIS OF ROUGH COST ESTIMATES, A PROPOSAL MAY BE DROPPED ALTOGETHER.

•TO FIND ROUGH COST OF ANY PROJECT, THIS WORKED AVERAGE UNIT COST IS MULTIPLIED WITH TOTAL

QUANTITY OF THE PRESENT WORK IN THE SAME UNITS.

•FOR EXAMPLE, IN CASE OF A BUILDING, PLINTH AREA (SQ. FT.) OF THE PROPOSED BUILDING IS WORKED

OUT, WHICH IS THEN MULTIPLIED BY THE COST PER UNIT AREA (RS. /FT2) OF SIMILAR BUILDING ACTUALLY
CONSTRUCTED IN THE NEAR PAST IN NEARLY THE SAME SITE CONDITIONS, TO FIND OUT THE ROUGH COST
ESTIMATE OF THE BUILDING.

•THIS COST IS SOMETIMES ADJUSTED BY THE AVERAGE PERCENTAGE RISE IN THE COST OF MATERIALS AND
WAGES.
EXAMPLE

• PREPARE A ROUGH-COST ESTIMATE OF A RESIDENTIAL BUILDING PROJECT WITH A TOTAL PLINTH AREA
OF ALL BUILDING OF 1500 SQ.ft.

GIVEN THAT……

• PLINTH AREA RATE = RS: 1500.00 / SQ. FT.

• EXTRA FOR SPECIAL ARCHITECTURAL TREATMENT = 1.5 % OF THE BUILDING COST.

• EXTRA FOR WATER SUPPLY AND SANITARY INSTALLATIONS = 5 % OF THE BUILDING COST.

• EXTRA FOR INTERNAL INSTALLATIONS = 14 % OF THE BUILDING COST

• EXTRA FOR ELECTRIC & GAS SERVICES = 16 % OF BUILDING COST

• CONTIGENCIES 3 % OVERALL

• SUPERVISION CHARGES = 8 % OVERALL

• DESIGN CHARGES = 2 % OVERALL

DETAILED ESTIMATE

DETAILED ESTIMATES ARE PREPARED BY CAREFULLY AND SEPARATELY CALCULATING IN DETAIL THE COSTS
OF VARIOUS ITEMS OF THE WORK THAT CONSTITUTE THE WHOLE PROJECT FROM THE DETAILED WORKING
DRAWINGS AFTER THE DESIGN HAS BEEN FINALIZED.

THE MISTAKES, IF ANY, IN THE ROUGH COST ESTIMATE ARE ELIMINATED IN THE DETAILED ESTIMATE.

DETAILED ESTIMATES ARE SUBMITTED TO THE COMPETENT AUTHORITIES FOR OBTAINING TECHNICAL
SANCTION.

THE WHOLE PROJECT IS SUB-DIVIDED INTO DIFFERENT ITEMS OF WORK OR ACTIVITIES. THE QUANTITY FOR
EACH ITEM IS THEN CALCULATED SEPARATELY FROM THE DRAWINGS AS ACCURATELY AS POSSIBLE. THE
PROCEDURE IS KNOWN AS "TAKING OUT OF QUANTITIES".

THE QUANTITIES FOR EACH ITEM MAY BE ESTIMATED AND SHOWN IN THE PATTERN WHICH IS CALLED "BILL
OF QUANTITIES."

THE UNIT, IN WHICH EACH ITEM OF THE WOK IS TO BE CALCULATED, SHOULD BE ACCORDING TO THE
PREVAILING PRACTICE AS FOLLOWED IN VARIOUS DEPARTMENTS OF THE COUNTRY.
 Description No Measurements Quantity Total Remarks
Sr. No
of item Quantity

Length Breadth Height

UNFORESEEN ITEMS IN DETAILED ESTIMATE

WHILE PREPARING A DETAILED ESTIMATE, ONE HAD TO BE VERY CAREFUL TO SEE THAT ALL ITEMS OF THE
WORK ARE INCORPORATED.

IT IS LIKELY THAT A FEW ITEMS, THOUGH UNIMPORTANT IN NATURE, MIGHT HAVE BEEN OVERLOOKED AND
WHICH MAY RESULT IN RAISING THE ESTIMATE OF THE PROJECT.

THERE MAY BE ALSO CERTAIN UNFORESEEN CIRCUMSTANCES AFFECTING THE PROJECT.

HENCE, A CERTAIN ALLOWANCE USUALLY 5 TO 10% OF THE TOTAL COST, IS MADE IN THE ESTIMATION WHICH
WILL TAKE CARE OF ALL THESE ITEMS THAT ARE UNFORESEEN OR ARE OVERLOOKED AND ARE KNOWN AS
"CONTINGENCIES".
METHODS USED IN DETAILED ESTIMATE
1. LONG WALL AND SHORT WALL METHOD
2. CENTRE LINE METHOD

LONG & SHORT WALL METHOD

THE WALLS RUNNING IN ONE DIRECTION ARE TERMED AS "LONG WALLS” AND THE WALLS RUNNING IN
THE TRANSVERSE DIRECTION, AS "SHORT WALLS", WITHOUT KEEPING IN MIND WHICH WALL IS LESSER
IN LENGTH AND WHICH WALL IS GREATER IN LENGTH.

LENGTHS OF LONG WALLS ARE MEASURED OR FOUND "OUT-TO OUT" AND THOSE OF SHORT WALLS
AS "IN-TO-IN".

DIFFERENT QUANTITIES ARE CALCULATED BY MULTIPLYING THE LENGTH BY THE BREADTH AND THE
HEIGHT OF THE WALL.

THE SAME RULE APPLIES TO THE EXCAVATION IN FOUNDATION, TO CONCRETE BED IN FOUNDATION,
D.P.C., MASONRY IN FOUNDATION AND SUPER STRUCTURE ETC.
•LONG WALL LENGTH OUT-TO-OUT
= CENTER TO CENTER LENGTH + HALF BREADTH ON ONE SIDE + HALF BREADTH ON OTHER
SIDE.

= CENTER TO CENTER LENGTH + ONE BREADTH

•SHORT WALL LENGTH IN-TO-IN = CENTER TO CENTER LENGTH - ONE BREADTH.

1 Breadth 1 Breadth
2 2

Foundation
Trench
CENTRE LINE METHOD

IN THIS METHOD, TOTAL LENGTH OF CENTRE LINES OF WALLS, LONG AND SHORT, HAS TO BE FOUND OUT.

FIND THE TOTAL LENGTH OF CENTRE LINES OF WALLS OF SAME TYPE, HAVING SAME TYPE OF
FOUNDATIONS AND FOOTINGS AND THEN FIND THE QUANTITIES BY MULTIPLYING THE TOTAL CENTRE
LENGTH BY THE RESPECTIVE BREADTH AND THE HEIGHT.

IN THIS METHOD, THE LENGTH WILL REMAIN THE SAME FOR EXCAVATION IN FOUNDATIONS, FOR
CONCRETE IN FOUNDATIONS, FOR ALL FOOTINGS, AND FOR SUPERSTRUCTURE (WITH SLIGHT DIFFERENCE
WHEN THERE ARE CROSS WALLS OR NUMBER OF JUNCTIONS).

THIS METHOD IS QUICKER BUT REQUIRES SPECIAL ATTENTION AND CONSIDERATIONS AT THE JUNCTIONS,
MEETING POINTS OF PARTITION OR CROSS WALLS.
FOR RECTANGULAR, CIRCULAR POLYGONAL (HEXAGONAL, OCTAGONAL ETC) BUILDINGS HAVING NO INTER
OR CROSS WALLS, THIS METHOD IS QUITE SIMPLE.

FOR BUILDINGS HAVING CROSS OR PARTITION WALLS, FOR EVERY JUNCTION, HALF BREADTH OF THE
RESPECTIVE ITEM OR FOOTING IS TO BE DEDUCTED FROM THE TOTAL CENTRE LENGTH.

THUS IN THE CASE OF A BUILDING WITH ONE PARTITION WALL OR CROSS WALL HAVING TWO JUNCTIONS,
DEDUCT ONE BREADTH OF THE RESPECTIVE ITEM OF WORK FROM THE TOTAL CENTRE LENGTH.
FOR BUILDINGS HAVING DIFFERENT TYPES OF WALLS, EACH SET OF WALLS SHALL HAVE TO BE DEALT
SEPARATELY.

FIND THE TOTAL CENTRE LENGTH OF ALL WALLS OF ONE TYPE AND PROCEED IN THE SAME MANNER AS
DESCRIBED ABOVE. SIMILARLY FIND THE TOTAL CENTRE LENGTH OF WALLS OF SECOND TYPE AND DEAL
THIS SEPARATELY, AND SO ON.

SUPPOSE THE OUTER WALLS (MAIN WALLS) ARE OF A TYPE AND INNER CROSS WALLS ARE OF B TYPE.

THEN ALL A TYPE WALLS SHALL BE TAKEN JOINTLY FIRST, AND THEN ALL B TYPE WALLS SHALL BE TAKEN
TOGETHER SEPARATELY.

IN SUCH CASES, NO DEDUCTION OF ANY KIND NEED BE MADE FOR A TYPE WALLS, BUT WHEN B TYPE
WALLS ARE TAKEN, FOR EACH JUNCTION DEDUCTION OF HALF BREADTH OF A TYPE WALLS (MAIN WALLS)
SHALL HAVE TO BE MADE FROM THE TOTAL CENTRE LENGTH OF B TYPE WALLS.
• AT CORNERS OF THE BUILDING WHERE TWO WALLS ARE MEETING, NO SUBTRACTION OR ADDITION IS
REQUIRED.

• IN THE FIGURE, THE DOUBLE CROSS-HATCHED AREAS MARKED P,Q,R, & S COME TWICE, WHILE BLANK
AREAS, A,B,C, & D DO NOT COME AT ALL, BUT THESE PORTIONS BEING EQUAL IN MAGNITUDE, WE GET
THE CORRECT QUANTITY.