 Protocol

 Standards
 It is a set of rule that govern data communication.

 Itdefines What is communicated, How it is

communicated and when it is communicated.

 Key element of any protocol

1. Syntax
2. Semantic
3. Timing
 Syntax :
 It refers to structure or Sender Receiver Message
format of data. address address

 Semantic :
 It is meaning of each section
of bits.
 Timing:
 It refers to 2 things :
1. When data should be
sent?
2. How fast they can be
sent?

If sender speed is 100Mbps

and receiver's speed is
10Mbps,it could results in
data loss.
 Standard provides a model for development that
makes it possible for a product to work regardless
of individual manufacturers.

 Theyare essential in creating and maintaining an

open and competitive market for equipment
manufacturers.

 An association of organizations, governments,

manufacturers and users form the standards
organizations are responsible for developing,
coordinating and maintaining the standards .
 Data communication standards are categorized in
two:
De facto
(by fact)
Data
communication
standards
De jure
(by law)
 De facto (by fact)
 This standards have been authorized by an
officially recognized body.
 They have not been approved by any standard
organized body ,but have been adopted as
standards through widespread use.
 De facto are often established originally by
manufacturers seeking to define functionality of
new product/technology.
 De jure (by law)
 That have been given by laws.
 Categorized in two :
1. Proprietary:
 Originally invented by a commercial
organization as a basis for operation of its
product.
 They are entirely owned by company that
invented them.
 Also known as closed standard because they
close off communication between system
produced by different vendors..
2. Non- Proprietary:
o Originally developed by groups or committees that
have passed them into the public domain.
o Known as Open standards because they open
communication between different system.
 Standards
are developed by cooperation among
standard creation committees, forums and
government agencies.
 ISO : International Standards Organization
 CCITT : Consultative Committee for
International Telegraphy and Telephony
 ITU : International Telecommunication Union
 ITU-T : International Telecommunication Union-
Telecommunication Standard Sector.
 ANSI : American National Standards Institute
 IEEE : Institute of Electrical and Electronics
Engineers
 EIA : Electronic Industries Association
 ISOC : Internet Society
 IETF : Internet Engineering Task Force
 The International Organization for
Standardization is an international standard-
setting body composed of representatives from
various national standards organizations.

 Founded on 23 February 1947, the organization

promotes worldwide proprietary, industrial and
commercial standards. It is headquartered in
Geneva, Switzerland,and works in 162 countries.
 Use of the standards aids in the creation of
products and services that are safe, reliable and of
good quality. The standards help businesses
increase productivity while minimizing errors and
waste.
 Popular standard
 ISO/IEC 29168 Information technology - Open
systems interconnection
 The UN forming a committee as part of
ITU,CCITT (Consultative Committee for
International Telegraphy and Telephony).
 It was dedicated to the research and establishment
of standards for telecommunications ,phone and
data system in particular.
 CCITT was changed to ITU-T in march-1993.
 International telecommunication Union is a
specialized agency of the UN, It was founded in
Paris in 1865.
 It has 193 members countries and over 700 private
sector entities and academic institutions.

 ITU is made up of 3 sectors:

1. ITU-T deals with Telecommunication
2. ITU-R deals with Radio communication
3. ITU-D deals with Development sectors
 There are 4000+ standards from ITU.
 ITU allocates global radio spectrum and satellite
orbits.
 It has categories such as broadband , cable, TV,
Quality of Services, protocols and test
specifications, security and future Network.

 They also work on multimedia ,climate change

,transport.
 The ITU Telecommunication Standardization
Sector (ITU-T) is one of the three sectors
(divisions or units) of the International
Telecommunication Union (ITU)
 It coordinates standards for telecommunications.
 The standardization efforts of ITU commenced in
1865 with the formation of the International
Telegraph Union (ITU).

 ITU became a specialized agency of the United

Nations in 1947.
 ITU-T is divided into study groups
 Each group devoted / dedicated to a different aspect
of industry.
 National committees (such as ANSI )submit proposal
to these study groups.
 If study group agrees ,the proposal is ratified and
becomes part of ITU-T standards.
 Famous ITU-T standards :
 V series (v.32,v.33,v.42) which define data transmission
over phone lines
 X series (X.25,X.400,X.500) which define transmission
over public digital network,e-mail,directory
services,ISDN (Integrated Services Digital Network)
 American National Standards Institute (ANSI) was
founded in 1918 and its head quarter located in
Washington.
 ANSI’s membership includes companies
,government agencies, academic institutions,
international bodies ,other organizations and
individuals.
 There are currently 10,000 American National
Standards.
 ANSI doesn’t develop standards; it accredit
(certify ) the standards that come from
approximately standard developing organizations.
 ANSI published first standard for C programming
referred as “ANSI C”,is an example of ANSI
standard for representing ASCII characters.
 IEEE : Institute of Electrical & Electronics
Engineers was founded in New York ,US in
1963.
 It is a non-profit ,largest technical professional
association of more than 3,77,000 individual
members in 150 countries.
 It helps in the development of standards that often
become national and international standards.
 IEEE publishes a number of journals, has many
local chapters, and several large societies in special
areas, such as IEEE computer Society.
 Electronic Industries Association

 Itis a trade organization that defines electronic

manufacturing standards in the US.

 Itincludes individual organizations that together

have agreed on certain data transmission standards
such as EIA-232 (earlier known as RS-232)
 Internet Society
 It was formed in 1992 with one of its purposes
being to provide a corporate structure to support
the internet standards, development process.

 It provides leadership in internet related

standards,education,access and policy.

 Its mission is to assure the open development

,evolution and use of the internet for the benefit of
all people throughout the world.
 International Engineering Task Force

 It is an international ,non-profit organization

founded in 1992, It is responsible for handling the
standardization of Internet that was first formed in
January 16,1986.

 It develops and promotes Internet Standards co-

operating closely with W3C and ISO /IEC
standards bodies.
 It is an open standards organization ,with no
formal membership requirements.