THE SPEECH

MRS. HONAE LOU ADECER – JANDICALA

INSTRUCTOR
THE FIVE PURPOSES OF SPEECH
1. to inform
2. to entertain
3. to stimulate
4. to convince
5. to actuate
Types of Speech according to purpose
 1) Informative Speech
 2) Entertainment Speech
 3) Argumentative Speech
 4) Persuasive Speech
 5) Evocative Speech
 1. Informative Speech
 - this type is meant to inform, educate, and enlighten
the audience. It explains processes, concepts,
procedures or methods.

 Types of Informative Speech

 A) Speech of Description
 B) Speech of Demonstration
 C) Speech of Explanation
 D) Informative Oral Report
 A) Speech of Description- should help the audience
get a clear picture of a subject. The subject may be a
place, an event, or a person. Precision, color, and
clarity are essential in this type of speech.

 *Do your best to describe the subject of your

speech then add the visuls as a final clarifying touch.
 B) Speech of Demonstration- aims to teach an
audience how something works or how to do
something.You may want to tech the audience how to
decorate, or how to prepare a certain recipe.

 *Most speeches of demonstration involve the use of

visuals to show, clarify, and make the demonstration
more memorable.
 C) Speech of Explanation- helps the audience
understand concepts that are complicated,
abstract, or unfamiliar.

 *You must be able to define the concept’s main

features or parts, explain their importance, and
offer examples that illustrate them.
 D) Informative Oral Report- usually provides
background that a group will use in making
decisions or solving problems.

 *In some cases this report is given informally and

may be quite brief. But on other occasions, the
speaker may be asked to prepare a more formal
presentation often technical in nature.
 2. Entertainment Speech- is designed to bring out
laughter from and pleasure to the audience. The
subject must be light or humorous or both.

 *An entertainment speech is not comedy and

entertainment speakers are not comedians but
many comedians are good entertainment.
 3. Argumentative Speech- aims to secure the
agreement of the listeners. The speaker uses
arguments, proofs, evidence, facts, and statistics.

 His objective is to win the audience to his side by

sheer force of logic and sound reasoning.
The essentials of argument or
reasoning
 A) Claim- it is the statement of what you want
the audience to believe.
 Some claims are as follows:
 1.Claims of Fact- when you attempt to persuade
an audience that something is true.
Example: Use testimonies of authorities to support
your claim
 2) Claims of Definition- this is when you are trying
to establish the meaning of a controversial term –
people whom we believe are knowledgeable and
reliable or definitive sources of meaning, such as
dictionary.

 3) Claims of Cause- when you try to persuade

audience that certain past actions or events resulted
in present condition. An excellent way to prove this
is by statistics or testimonies of people with
authority.
 4) Claims of Value- Matters of right or wrong or
good or bad are often resolved by appeal to
common values. Statistics may also be used to
show how values have been ignored or distorted.
 B) Data- it means all support, both reasons and
evidence- facts, opinions, observations,
assumptions.
 C) Reasoning Process- is the conscious or
subconscious thinking that connects the data
(reasons and evidence) to the claim (speech goal).
The Greek Philosopher- Aristotle
 Aristotle suggested three ways in which things are
proven. These proofs are:
 Ethos- ethical proof
 Pathos- emotional proof
 Logos- Logical proof
 Ethos- the audience’s perception of a speaker’s
character, intelligence and goodwill.
 Pathos- is the emotional content that influences
our beliefs or actions.
 Logos- is the logical content that influences our
beliefs or actions
 4) Persuasive Speech- a speech that appeals to the
heart, feelings, and prejudices of people. It is
designed to move people to do or not to do a
certain thing.
 Examples of persuasive speech are political
speeches, sermons, eulogy, solicitations, and
advertisements.
 5) Evocative Speech- this speech evokes places,
people or things to achieve its goal. The speaker’s
goal is to move the audience to action at the time
or right after the speech.
Special Types of Speech
 1) Speech of Courtesy
 2)Speech for Special Occasion
 3)Effective Presentation of Speech
1. Speech of Courtesy
There are four types of speech courtesy: welcome speech,
response to welcome, speech of presentation, speech of
acceptance, and speech of introduction.
a. Welcome Speech. This speech is delivered to make the
visiting people or group feel welcome and at home. Below are
the guidelines in preparing the welcome speech.
1) Express a direct statement of welcome.
2) Name the person or organization being welcomed.
3) Mention the hosts, the occasion, and the mutual benefits the hosts and
the guests may gain from the visit.
b. Response to Welcome. This is the response of the
visiting party.
1) Name the welcoming party.
2) Express appreciation for the welcome.
3) State the purpose of the visit.
4) End with good wishes for the hosts and an expectation for a
pleasant relationship in the future.
 c. Presentation. This speech grants an award or a
plaque to a deserving employee or a winner in a
competition.
 1) Discuss the background and the importance of the award.
 2) Identify the recipient and his accomplishments.
 3) Present the award and congratulate the recipient.
 d. Acceptance. The recipient delivers this speech upon
acceptance of the award or when honored. When preparing to
deliver a speech of acceptance, learn as much as you can about
the award – its history and its meaning. Make your language fit
the occasion and make it brief.
 1) Express appreciation and joy for having been granted the award.
 2) Thank the people or organization that gave the award.
 3) Express gratitude to colleagues who helped make the award possible.
 4) Dedicate the award to the people who served as your inspiration.
 5) Express your thanks for the award.
 e. Introduction. The purpose of this speech is to create a
desire in the audience to listen to the person being
introduced. And to make the guest speaker feel that
everyone is happy to have him as guest.
 1) Build up the speaker’s ethos – his position in government, in
business, his educational attainment, and so on.
 2) Emphasize the importance of his topic.
 3) Stress the appropriateness of his topic or of his presence.
2. Speech for Special Occasion
 Under this type of speech are after dinner speech, tribute
speech, and farewell speech.
 a. After-dinner Speech. The purpose of this speech is to
entertain the audience. This is usually a series of funny stories,
incidents, experiences about people and other problems.
 However, creating enjoyment does not necessarily mean being
funny. Enjoyment may come from being relaxed and interested
in the point or moral being communicated. Skill in this type of
speech is dependent on the Speaker’s personality.
 This speech usually takes 15 to 20 minutes.
 b. Tribute Speech. A speech of tribute may range from
awarding of a trophy to a winner in a competition, when a
person who is admired and respected leaves the community
or the enterprise where he has worked, to delivering a
eulogy at a memorial service. Following is the format for a
speech of tribute to a person who is leaving.
 A. State the commendable achievements or the influence the
honoree has had upon others.
 B. Dramatize the impact of his accomplishment by relating
the obstacles and difficulties he had undergone.
 C. Relate few incidents to show how he surmounted the
obstacles that you have mentioned.
 C. Farewell Speech. This speech is delivered by someone
who is leaving an organization for whatever reasons.
 1) Express gratitude for the opportunities, considerations
and love given by co-workers.
 2) Reminisce on your experiences in the office.
 3) Call upon those who remain to carry on the traditions and
goals of the office or enterprise.
 Effective Presentation of Speech
For effective speech presentation here are the following suggestions.
1. Be Simple. Keep your language level as simple as possible. Below are
some words and phrases with their simpler counterpart.
fully cognizant of – know well
hold in abeyance – wait
marked discrepancy – clear difference
in the initial instance – in the first place
interrogate the claimant – ask him
purpose to construe – explains/tries to explain
pursuant to your request – as you requested
promulgate the regulation – issue the regulations
prior to – before
subsequent to - after
 2. Be Specific. If you want the listener to form an image,
provide the ingredients for that image. Be specific by using
proper nouns and real numbers whenever possible.

 General : My cousin drove me to a nearby restaurant where

we sat drinking beer and listening to music until late
in the evening.

 Specific : My cousin, Edwin, drove me to Hard Rock Café

where we sat drinking SMB and listening to Eraser
Heads until twelve in the evening.
 3. Use the Active Voice. The active voice is more emphatic
has motion.

 Passive : All senses, except the common, are quickened by

love.
 Active : Love quickens all senses, except the common.

 4. Use comparison and Contrast. Comparison and

contrast, synonymous to analogy and antithesis, provides one of
the most powerful ways of adding vividness and accuracy to
speech.
 Example:

 The sequoia trees, which grow in groves in California have roots

barely below the surface of the ground, but their roots are
entangled to one another so that when strong winds come, they
hold one another cup.
 Just like the sequoia, families, neighbors, church groups, and
other organizations should be havens, so that when the strong
winds of life blow, these people will serve as reinforcements and
can strive to hold one another up.
 5. Use Illustrations. Abstract ideas that may carry meaning to
some of the audience will have no meaning or value to others.
An illustration or an example will provide the listeners a
common ground.
 Example:
 Government revenues and expenditures in terms of billions of
pesos could be difficult to understand for some people, unless it
is equated with the salaries and bills that will have to be paid,
which are familiar to everybody.
 Some bills have to be paid every month – but you have to make
sure you save a bit every week to pay for them. The amounts
may be larger, but the principles are the same.
 6. Use Repetition. Repetition aids in effective speech.
 Example.
 It was the best of times, it was the worst of times,
 It was the age of wisdom, it was the age of foolishness,
 It was the epoch of belief, it was the epoch of incredulity,
 It was the season of Light, it was the season of Darkness,
 It was the spring of hope, it was the winter of despair,
 We had everything before us, we had nothing before us.
 We were all going direct to Heaven, we were all going direct
the other way.
 Charles Dickens
Communication Apprehension
 Communication apprehension is the feeling of an anxiety that
one experiences before and/or during a public presentation.
 It is a combination of fear and excitement of many forms. It
occurs when speaking in public.
 A. Causes of Communication Apprehension
 Often speakers don’t really understand what they fear. Learning
the causes and treatments of communication apprehension will
be of help to a speaker.
 1. Poor Preparation – Any speaker who has prepared poorly
and whose speech is disorganized, poorly documented may well
be apprehensive as the moment to stand and speak approaches.
If you are poorly prepared, you may feel an impending doom.
 2. Inappropriate Self Expectations – a perfectionist who
has high expectations for his own behavior and delivers a speech
whose outcome is very important to him might be tempted to
see himself as a failure with little lapses, such as twisted tongue
or omitting a point and having to go back. At the very least he
may feel disappointed with his performance.
 Remember that no communicator is perfect. If your self
expectations are unreasonably high, they will put you under a
lot of performance pressure.
 High expectations of your behavior is commendable,
provided you leave a room for some human errors.
Low expectations, on the other hand, should be
avoided. Not expecting to do well or not caring about the
outcome of your speech may well lead to poor preparation.
 3. Fear of Evaluation – every public speaking situation
involves some element of evaluation. Although evaluation offers
positive as well as negative feedback, we tend to fix our attention
on the negative parts and fear the whole process.

 4. Excessive Focusing – it is natural to feel little self-

conscious when you stand up to give a speech. After all, you are
dressed up for the occasion and feel that you are the center of
attention. However, if your self-focused concerns are directed to
the kind of impression you are making and away from the ideas
and information you hope to share, you might forget what you
are talking about.
 5. Fear of Audience – as speaker you must recognize that
you cannot be successful without the audience.You rely on
their openness to your ideas, their goodwill and their ability
and willingness to respond.You must also realize that some
listeners are more or less responsive than others. Specific
audience characteristics may provoke audience anxiety:
 1. Status Power. If we are speaking to a group whose status is
greater than ours, we feel apprehensive.
 2. Size. Some speakers would rather speak to a smaller
audience, others enjoy speaking to a crowd. If you lucky ones
have no special preference.
 3. Familiarity. Some people become apprehensive when
asked to speak to a group of strangers; they prefer the familiar
and presumably more predictable kind of audience.
 4. Perceived Similarity. Most of us prefer to speak to
listeners who share our values. When we believe that the
audience’s point of view is similar to ours we will likely feel less
apprehensive than if we believe that they are opposed to us in
some important way.
 6. Not Understanding the Body’s Reactions. The body
reacts to communication apprehension as it would to any fear
producing situation. Some speakers experience communication
apprehension because they do not understand the physiological
reactions anxiety may produce. Knowing what is happening to
your body when you experience fear or public speaking will
help you lessen and control your body’s reactions.
B. Symptoms of Communication
Apprehension
 1. Butterflies in the stomach. This means that the process of
digestion is hindered due to lack of energy. The food you’ve
eaten just sets in your stomach undigested.
 2. Dry Mouth. The production of saliva is halted and so your
mouth becomes dry. No matter how much you drink, it stays
dry.
 3. Rapid Breathing. The demand for increased energy needs
an increase of oxygen; therefore, your breathing speeds up.
 4. Rapid Heart Rate. When nervous, the heart must circulate
blood through the body more quickly in order to distribute
oxygen to the skeletal muscle.
 5. Trembling hands, weak knees, unsteady voice. Excess
tension affects almost all the skeletal muscles. As a result,
muscles tremble and voice, which is controlled by the skeletal
system, is also affected.
 6. Perspiration. Even though the mouth becomes dry, your
body becomes increasingly wet with perspiration. Since there is
more blood circulating near the body, there is more body heat.
Your body sends perspiration to the surface.
C. Strategies to Combat Communication
Apprehension
 As you give speeches, you may discover communication
apprehension strategies that work especially well for you. some
strategies that have been helpful to some speakers are the
following:
 1. Develop a Positive Mental Attitude
 Visualization, a technique that tells the speaker to think
positively about everything that occurs on the day of the speech
from the time he gets up until the time the speech has been
presented can help reduce speech anxiety. Anticipate that good
things will happen.
 2. Be well-prepared. Knowing that you have prepared your
speech carefully can be reassuring. Poor presentation is a
legitimate cause for concern. A speaker who has not prepared
well and whose speech is disorganized, and poorly documented
may be anxious the moment to stand and speak approaches.

 Before you practice aloud look through your keyword outline.

Practice your speech aloud all the way. Don’t go back and
retrace your steps. When you have finished one complete
practice, sit down and look through your notes again. Practice a
second time; then, take a break.
 Taking a break is part of the rehearsal process.
 3. Get Enough Sleep the Night Before. If you are well rested,
you will feel more sure of yourself and be more in control of your
muscles and your movements.

 D. Treatment of Communication Apprehension

 Long Term Treatment
 1. Understand your Stage Fright. By learning the causes and
symptoms of stage fright, you take away the fear of the unknown.
 2. Talk about stage fright. Discuss your experience with
someone close to you. you’ll find that talking it over clears up the
mystery about it.
 3. Combat your fear of the audience. Bear in mind that the
audience can’t cause you any physical harm. In fact, most of the
listeners are genuinely interested in what you have to say and they
want you to do well.
 On the Spot Treatment
 1. Think about anything, except your presentation.
Don’t engage in any last minute preparation.
 2. Pause before you speak. Make sure you have an adequate
supply of air before you start talking.
 3. Use gestures and move your body naturally. If you
don’t overdo it, you’ll look lively. Plan your gestures in your
practice sessions.You’ll feel more comfortable when you use
them on the spot.
 4. Look for a friendly face in the audience. You’ll see
smiles of encouragement that will make you feel much better
being there.