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Introduction
Motivation
OSPF Basics
Hierarchical Routing in OSPF
Summary
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Routing Hierarchy
± support large routing domains
Separate internal and external routes
Support of flexible subnetting schemes
± route to arbitrary [address,mask] combinations
using VLSMs
Security
Type of Service Routing
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LS Age
Options LS Type
Link State ID
Advertising Router
LS Sequence Number
LS Checksum
Length
- 16
sm
s
Identifying LSAs
± LS type field
± Link State ID field
mostly carries addressing information
e.g. IP address of externally reachable network
± Advertising Router field
originating router¶s OSPF router ID
s
1-.1.1.3 1-.1.1.5
s
LS Age - seconds
Options LS Type E-bit,LS Type 1
LS Checksum -x9b47
Length 6- bytes
Router Type - - (ordinary)
of links 3
Link ID 1-.1.1.3
Metric 5
s
Time T1
u
u
u
1-.1.1.3 1-.1.1.5
1-.1.1.3 1-.1.1.5
Time T3
u
1-.1.1.3 1-.1.1.5
Time T3+
Robustness
± updates flooded over all the links , so failure of any link
doesn¶t affect database synchronization
± LSAs refreshed every 3- minutes
± LSA checksum field detects corruption
± flooding loops avoided by LS Age field
± MinLSInterval limits rate of LSA origination
± Receivers can refuse to accept LSA updates if they
received an update less than a second ago
È
1-.3.3 1-.3
1-.-.-.-8
1-.3.2
1-.3.1
1-.1.3 1-.2.3
1-.1 1-.2
1 3 1
3 3
3
1 3 1
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LS Checksum
Length 28 bytes
Stub Areas
± don¶t support ASBRs and hence no AS-External-LSAs
± routing to external destinations based on default routes
originated by the area¶s border routers
± summary LSAs also made optional
± must lie on the edge of OSPF routing domain
± inter-area routing may also be based on default routes
± improved scaling
± but not preferred due to the possibility of suboptimal
routes
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%!
NSSAs
± import small amount of routing information
± this information flooded to other areas by the NSSA
Border router
± Use Type-7 LSAs to import external routing
information
± translated into AS-External-LSA at the NSSA Border
± one-way filter
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Why OSPF is needed in the Internet?
The basics of the protocol
± The Link state Advertisements
± Neighbor Discovery (Hello Protocol)
± Database Synchronization and reliable flooding
Hierarchical Routing in OSPF
± OSPF Areas and Area Organization
± Interaction with External Routing Information
± OSPF Area Types viz. Stub Areas and NSSAs
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Thank You!