The study of the behavior of moving fluids.

1. STREAMLINE
OR LAMINAR
FLOW

- every particle of fluid moves in

an unchanging line called
streamline. streamlines
 occurs at high speed and with
friction forces

2. TURBULENT
FLOW

- Characterized by agitated,
disorderly motion. The paths of the
particles of fluid are continually
changing forming whirlpool eddies
patterns called eddies.
 -the ratio of the volume V of a
1. FLOW RATE fluid that flows past some
( Q ) cross section of a vessel and
the time t required for it to
flow.

V
Q=
t also called the VOLUME FLOW RATE.
 Often
A part
we cannot
of the fluid
directly
movesmeasure
forwardtheand
actual
passesvolume
the cross
of fluid
that passes section
alongAa in
vessel
a timeper
t. unit time.

Consider:
A

a.)

b.)

After a time t, the back part of this fluid has moved forward
to the position shown in b.
Therefore, Where:

A = x-sectional area where the fluid flows

V=LA v = the fluid’s ave. speed

LA Units:
Q=
t m3/s , m3/min , ft3/s

Q= vA
2. MASS FLOW -the quantity
Units: of fluidslug/s
g/s, kg/min, passing
•
RATE ( m ) through a given section per
unit time.

• Q Av
m= = = Avρ
Vs Vs
 Incompressible – the volume of fluid undergoes negligible change when the pressure acting on the fluid
increases.

- Used to relate the speeds of

3. EQUATION OF fluid flow in different parts of
a vessel with varying x-
CONTINUITY sectional areas.

Q = A 1v 1 = A 2 v 2
Applicable for
incompressible fluids only.
Consider: For incompressible fluids, the flow rate across
A1 must equal that across A2,

A2 v2

A1

v1
 Examples:

1. The heart pumps blood at a

flow rate of 80 cm3/s into the
aorta, the diameter of which is
1.5 cm. Calculate the ave. speed
of blood in the aorta.

Ans: v = 45.27cm/s
 Examples:

2. a. Calculate the flow rate of

water moving at an average
speed of 32 cm/s through a
garden hose of radius 1.2 cm.

Ans: Q = 144.76cm3/s
 Examples:
b. Calculate the speed of the
water in a second hose of
radius 1cm that is connected to
the first hose.

V2

Ans: v2 = 46.08cm/s
 Examples:

3. Each second, 0.07m3 of water

flows through a firehose. If the
water is to leave the nozzle at a
speed of 25m/s, what should its
diameter be?

Ans: d = 0.06m
 Examples:

4. Blood normally flows with an

average speed of about 10 cm/s
in the large arteries whose radii
are about 0.3cm. Suppose that a
small section of artery is reduced
in radius by ½, calculate the blood
speed past the construction.

Ans: v2 = 40cm/s
 Examples:

5. A farmer’s 4cm diameter pipe

from an irrigation canal takes
20hr to flood a small field. How
much time is required using a
6cm pipe, assuming the water
flows at the same average speed
in both pipes?

Ans: t2 = 8.89hrs.
 Examples:

6. A pipeline flowing full of H2O

has a varying cross-sectional
areas. If the velocity in the larger
area is 2m/s & in the smaller
area is 8m/s, how large is the
radius of the larger area to that
of the smaller area?

Ans: r1 is twice as r2
 Examples:
7. A pipeline 0.2m in diameter, flowing
full of H2O has a constriction of diameter
0.1m. If the velocity in the 0.2m portion
is 2m/s, find:
a. the velocity in the constriction
b. the discharge rate in m3/s
d2
d1 Q2

Ans: a. v2 = 8m/s, b. Q = 0.0628m3/s

 Bernoulli’s equation is a consequence of energy conservation as applied to an ideal fluid.

- relates the pressure, speeds, & elevations of a fluid at

any two points in the fluid and applies to the nonturbulent
flow of a frictionless, incompressible fluid.

P1 – P2 = ½ρ(v22 – v12) + ρg(h2 – h1)

Named after Daniel Bernoulli. When using Bernoulli, choose 2 different positions in a fluid.
 Both the kinetic and gravitational
potential energies of the fluid in the system
Consider: have changed caused by the work done on
the fluid by P1 & P2 .

v2 d2
A1
P2
v1

P1
A2
AFTER
d1
BEFORE

Venturi tube – used to measure

the speed of fluid flow
Applying the work-energy equation,

ΔW = ΔKE + ΔPEg

Where:

W = Fd = PAd = PV = Pm/ρ

KE = ½ mv2

PE = mgh
 Therefore:

P1m P2m 1
= m (v22 – v12) + mg (h2 – h1)
ρ ρ 2

P1 – P2 = [ ½ (v22 – v12) + g (h2 – h1)]ρ

P1 – P2 = ½ρ(v22 – v12) + ρg(h2 – h1)

1. Used to determine pressure variation in
fluids.
2. Used to determine the velocity of efflux or
the speed of discharge from an orifice.

V = √2gh
This is called Torricelli’s Theorem; ( P1 – P2 = 0 )
 Examples:
1. The pressure of water flowing
through a pipe of radius 0.06m at a
speed of 1.8m/s is 2.2x105Pa,
calculate:
a. The flow rate of H2O.
b. The pressure in the H2O after it goes
up a 5m high hill & flows in a pipe of
radius 0.05m.

Ans: a. Q = 0.02m3/s, b. P2 = 1.7x105Pa

 Examples:
2. The large pipe of a waterline has radius 0.06m
& feeds 10 smaller pipes of radius 0.02m that
carry water to homes. The flow rate of H2O in
each of the smaller pipes is to be 6x10-3m3/s,
& the pressure is 4x105Pa. The homes are
10m above the main pipes. Calculate:
a.) The average speed of H20 in the smaller
pipe.
b.) The average speed of H20 in the main pipe.
c.) The pressure in the main pipe.

Ans: a. v2 = 4.77m/s, b. v1 = 5.3m/s, c. P1 = 4.95x105Pa

 Examples:
3. How many cubic meters of H2O will
flow out of the pipe in 1min if the
pressure difference between the two
sections of the pipe is 300 Pa?
P1 P2

A2 = 10 cm2 A2 = 5cm2
Ans: Q = 2.68x10-2 m3/min
 Examples:
4. Air density of 1.3kg/m3 blows past a
1.2mx2.2m window of a skyscraper at
a speed of 25m/s. The air inside the
building is at atmospheric pressure.
Calculate:
a.) the pressure difference between
the inside of the window and the
outside.
b.) the net force of the air on the
window.
Ans: a. P1 – P2 = 406.25Pa, b. F1 – F2 = 1,072.5N
 Examples:

5. At what speed must air of density

1.2kg/m3 move across the flat roof of
a house of area 160m2 to be able to
lift the weight of the 2.1x104kg roof.
Air inside the house is at atmospheric
pressure and at rest.

Ans: v = 46.3 m/s

 Examples:
6. Calculate the speed with which
water flows from a house in the dam
of a large irrigation canal. The hole is
0.8m below the surface of the water.
P1

0.8 m
V1
V2

Ans: v2 = 3.96 m/s P2

 Examples:

7. At a certain point in a pipeline, the

velocity is 1m/s and the gage pressure
is 3x105Pa. Find the gage pressure at a
second point in the line 20m lower
than the first if the cross section at the
second point is ½ that of the 1st. The
liquid is water.

Ans: Pg2 = 494.5x103 Pa

 Examples:
8. What is the rate at which water flows
out of the tank in m3/s? At what
distance H below the bottom of the tank
is the cross sectional area of the stream
equal to ½ the area of the hole?

0.3m
H 2O

H
5cm2

Ans: Q = 1.21x10-3 m3/s, H = 0.89m

 Examples:

9. Water in an enclosed tank is

subjected to a gauge pressure of
2x104Pa, applied by compressed air
introduced into the top of the tank.
There is a small hole in the side of the
tank 5m below the level of the water.
Calculate the speed with which water
escapes from this hole.

Ans: v2 = 11.75m/s
 - Friction in fluids which is generated within the fluid
rather than at the interface of the fluid and a solid.

For a fluid to move

Layers
through of afluid above
vessel at
the interface do
constant speed, a net slide Fn Fv
across each
driving forceother
must
which the
balance causes the
opposing
friction
viscousforce in fluids.
retarding
force. Layers of fluid
Interface between the fluid and the solid surface
 Coefficient of viscosity (η ) – indicates the difficulty with which a fluid
flows or how viscous the fluid is.

1. VISCOSITY F v
η=
4πLv
- -ismeasured
that property
in terms
of fluid,
of aits
quantity
internal
called
friction,
coefficient
which of
causesviscosity.
it to resist flow.

-Fvthe net retarding

= viscous effect of the friction
force Units:
force between
L = length of the vesselthe layers of N•s/m2, lb•s/ft2, dyne•s/cm2, Poise (P)
V = speed of thethe fluid.
fluid at the center of the vessel 10P = N•s/m2
= 2v
 Named after French physician Jean Louis Marie Poiseuille

From,
F1 – F2 = (P1 – P2)A = 4πLvη
2. POISEUILLE’S
EQUATION

a. Used to determine the P1 – P2 = 4ηLv

pressure drop in viscous
fluids.
r2
 Named after French physician Jean Louis Marie Poiseuille

From,
Q = Av = (πr2)(v/2)
2. POISEUILLE’S
EQUATION
πr4
b. Used to determine the
flowrate in viscous fluids.
Q= (P1 –
8ηL P )
r = radius of the vessel
2
P1 = pressure pushing the fluid
P2 = pressure opposing the fluid
Viscosities of some liquids and gases:

Substance: viscosity
(N•s/m2)
Gases:
air (30°C) 1.9x10-5
water vapor (100°C) 1.25x10-5
Viscosities of some liquids and gases:
Liquids:
Water (0°C) 1.8x10-3
(20°C) 1x10-3
(40°C) 0.66x10-3
(60°C) 0.47x10-3
(80°C) 0.36x10-3
(100°C) 0.28x10-3
Viscosities of some liquids and gases:
Liquids:
Alcohol (20°C) 1.2x10-3
Blood Plasma (37°C) 1.5x10-3
Blood, whole (37°C) 4x10-3
Oil, SAE No.10 0.20
Glycerin 0.629
 Examples:

1. Blood flows with a speed of

0.5m/s down the center of the
aorta. If the length of the aorta is
0.4m and its radius is 0.8cm, what
is the drop in pressure needed to
force the blood through the aorta?

Ans: P1 – P2 = 50Pa
 Examples:

2. A 50cm diameter fire hose 60m

long carries 20C water at a speed
of 12m/s. Calculate the drop in
pressure along the hose due to
viscous friction.

Ans: P1 – P2 = 46.08Pa
 Examples:

3. Calculate the ratio of the

flowrate through capillary tubes A
and B. The length of A is twice that
of B, and the radius of A is one half
that of B. The pressure across both
tubes is the same.

Ans: 0.03125
 Examples:

4. A piston pushes 20C water

through a horizontal tube of 0.2cm
radius and 3m length. One end of
the tube is open at atmospheric
pressure. Calculate the force
needed to push the piston so that
the flow rate is 100cm3/s.
Ans: F = 1.87N
 Examples:

5. The radius of a person’s

arteries decreases by 5 % when
the person smokes. Calculate the
percent change in flow rate if the
pressure across the arteries
remains constant.

Ans: decreases by 19%

 Examples:

6. A horizontal waterline of 5cm

radius is 500m long. Water at
20C flows at a rate of 1x10-
2m3/s. If the pressure difference

is kept constant and the flow rate

is to be doubled, what must be
the radius of the pipe?

Ans: r2 = 5.95cm
- characterized the abrupt onset of turbulence used to
predict the type of flow of fluid through a vessel.

Conditions:

2vrρ a. Re < 2000, laminar flow

Re = b. Re > 3000, turbulent flow
η c. Re between 2000 and 3000,
either laminar or turbulent
 Examples:

1. Blood flows at an average

speed of 0.4 m/s in an artery
whose radius is 0.5cm. Determine
whether the flow is laminar or
turbulent.
BLOOD = 1050kg/m3

Ans: Re = 1,050, laminar

 Examples:

2. Find the maximum rate of

laminar flow of water at 20C in a
garden hose whose radius is 1cm.

Ans: Q = 3.14x10-5m3/s
 Examples:
3. The radius of a vessel carrying
blood at a flow rate of 20cm3/s
is slowly reduced at a
constriction until the flow,
initially laminar, becomes
turbulent. At the constriction,
the Re now equals 2500.
Calculate the radius of the vessel
when the turbulence starts.

Ans: r = 1.34x10-3m
 Examples:

4. Water at 20C flows with a speed

of 50 cm/s through a pipe of
diameter 3mm.

a. What is the nature of the flow?

b. If we increase the radius of the
pipe by ½ its original value, what
would be the nature of the flow?

Ans: a. Re = 1500, laminar b. Re = 2250, either

 Examples:

5. Water at a temperature of
40C flows in a copper tube
whose radius is 0.3cm. Calculate
the maximum flow rate before
turbulence starts.

Ans: Q = 6.22x10-6m3/s
 - a viscous friction force that opposes the motion of an
object through a fluid. It depends on whether the flow past the
object is laminar or turbulent.

- when the drag force is

balanced by a force pulling the
object in the opposite direction,
then the object said to reach a
constant speed called the
terminal speed (VT).
1. STOKE’S - Used to determine the drag force on a
spherical object.
EQUATION
 Named after George Stoke
For laminar flow,

FD = 6πηrv r = object’s radius

v = object’s velocity
CD = drag coefficient
For turbulent flow, A = object’s cross-sectional area

FD = ½cDρAv2
 1. STOKE’S - Used to determine the drag force on a
spherical object.
EQUATION
 Named after George Stoke
The Re used to determine the flow past
the object is, Conditions:

a. Re < 1, the flow past the object

is laminar
vLρ b. Re > 1, the flow past the object
Re = is turbulent
η L = object’s length
ρ = fluid’s density
 - A constant speed the object reaches when
2. TERMINAL the drag force is balanced by a force or
SPEED (VT) resultant force pulling the object in the
opposite direction.

For laminar flow,

FT = 6πηrvT
For turbulent flow,

Note: terminal speed can also be

FT = ½cDρAvT2 measured when the object is

submerged in a liquid which includes
buoyancy.
 Examples:

1. Find the terminal speed of a

ping-pong ball weighing 2.2x10-2
N whose radius is 1.9x10-2m.
The ball experiences a turbulent
drag coefficient of 0.60.
air = 1.3 kg/m3

Ans: VT = 7.1m/s
 Examples:

2. A 2300kg car has a 0.6 drag

coefficient and an effective frontal
area of 2.8m2. Calculate the drag
force on the car at 24m/s.

Ans: FD = 628.99N
 Examples:

3. A balloon whose radius when

inflated is 0.2m, falls slowly
through air with a terminal speed
of 0.4m/s. Its CD is 0.5.Find:
a. FD
b. Weight of the Balloon

Ans: a. FD = 6.53x10-3N, b. w = 6.53x10-3N

 Examples:

4. With what terminal velocity will

an aluminum ball of radius 1cm
falls through water at 20C.
Assuming laminar flow and
including buoyancy. Is the flow
really laminar?
al = 2.7 g/cm3

Ans: a. VT = 370.22m/s, b. Re = 7.4x106, TURBULENT

 Examples:

5. With what velocity is a steel ball

1mm in radius falling in a tank of
glycerin at an instant when its
acceleration is ½ that of a freely
falling body?
steel = 8.5 g/cm3
glycerin = 1.32 g/cm3
glycerin = 8.3 Poise

Ans: a. VT = 0.769cm/s
 Examples:

6. With what terminal velocity will

an air bubble 1mm in diameter rise
in a liquid of viscosity 150cp and
density 0.90g/cm3?
air = 1.29 kg/cm3

What is the terminal velocity of the

same bubble in H2O?

Ans: a. VT = 0.326cm/s or 3.26x10-3m/s, b. VT = 54.4cm/s or 0.544m/s

 Exercises:

1. The radius of a vessel carrying water

at a flowrate of 20cm3/s is 10.72x10-3m.
It is slowly reduced at a constriction
until the flow initially laminar, becomes
turbulent. At the constriction, the Re now
equals 3300. What is the temperature of
the water?

Ans: η = 0.36x10-3 , the temperature is 80°C

 Exercises:

2. At a certain point in a horizontal

pipeline, the pressure is 0.5x105Pa. At
another point the pressure is 0.3x105Pa. If
the area at one point in the pipeline is
20cm2, and the water flowing discharges
at the rate of 0.44m3/min, Find the area
where the pressure is 0.3x105Pa.

Ans: A = 1x10-3m2 or 10cm2

 Exercises:
3. At what distance R from the foot of
the wall does the emerging stream of
H2O strike the floor? At what time the
emerging stream will hit the distance
R?

Ans: R = 4.19m, t = 0.85s

 Exercises:

4. The radius of a person’s arterioles

decreases by 5% when person smokes.
Calculate the percent change in
pressure if the flowrate remains constant.

Ans: increases by 23%

 Exercises:

5. Water at 20oC flows through a pipe of

radius 1cm. If the average velocity of
the flow is 5cm/s, find the pressure drop
along a 2cm section of the pipe due to
viscosity.

Ans: P1 – P2 = 8Pa
 Exercises:

6. It has been estimated that a man’s

heart is about 33cm below his brain.
What pressure must the heart produce
to supply blood to the brain?

Ans: P = 3.56x103Pa
 Exercises:

7. A jet of water squirts out horizontally from a

hole near the bottom of the tank. If the hole
has a diameter of 3.5mm, what is the height of
the water level in the tank?

1m

0.6m

Ans: h = 9cm
 Exercises:

8. A straight horizontal pipe with a

diameter of 1cm and a length of 50m
carries oil with coefficient of viscosity of
0.12Ns/m2. At the output of the pipe, the
flow rate is 8.6x10-5m3/s and the
pressure is 1atm. Find the gauge
pressure at the input pipe.

Ans: Pg = 2.1MPa
 Exercises:

9. A water tank open to the atmosphere

at the top has two small holes punched
in its side, one above the other. The
holes are 5cm and 12cm above the
floor. How high does water stand in the
tank if the two streams of water hit the
floor at the same place?

Ans: h = 17cm above the floor