Control System

REE 503
Amit Pratap Singh
 Syllabus and Course Plan
• Syllabus :
D:\PSIT\Course Files\PSIT NEW\REE 503\Syllabus control system.pdf

• Course Objective and Course Outcome:

D:\PSIT\Course Files\PSIT NEW\REE 503\CO of REE503.pdf
• Prerequisite :
Laplace Transformation and basics of Linear Differential equations.
Control System
• The control system is that means by which any quantity of interest in
a machine, mechanism or other equipment is maintained or altered in
accordance with a desired manner.

Examples:
1. Regulation of temperature and humidity of homes and buildings.
2. Control of automobile and airplane to go from one point to another
accurately and safely.
Basic Components of Control
System

Output or controlled variable

Input or actuating (y)
Signal (u)

Basic Ingredients of a control system is

1. Objective of control
2. Control system Components
3. Results or outputs
Example-1
Steering control of an automobile

Controlled variable or the output (y) The direction of two front wheel
Actuating signal or input (u) The direction of steering wheel
Control System Steering mechanism and dynamics of
entire automobile.

• If objective is to control speed of automobile

Controlled variable or the output (y) Vehicle Speed
Actuating signal or input (u) Amount of pressure exerted on
accelerator
Control System Accelerator pedal, linkages , carburetter
and engine
Multivariable system
Two input and two output system:

Steering wheel
Heading (y1)
u1
Automobile Control system
Accelerator Speed (y2)
u2
Example-2
Idle-Speed control of an automobile
Objective of Control system:
To maintain the engine idle speed at a relatively low value (for
fuel economy) regardless of applied engine loads (e.g. transmission,
power steering, air conditioning).

• Without the idle-speed control, any sudden engine-load application

would cause a drop in engine speed that might cause the engine to
stall.
Due to application
Of air conditioning,
Power steering, transmission
Or Power brakes etc.

Idle speed control system

Example-3
Temperature control system(Electric
furnace)

Temperature Control of an Electric furnace

Types of Control Systems
• Open loop control system
• Closed loop control system
 1. Open loop Control
Systems(Nonfeedback Systems)
Those systems in which the output has no effect on the control action
are called open loop control system. In other words, in open loop
control systems output is neither measured nor fed back for the
comparison with the input.

Elements of Open loop control systems

 1. Open loop Control
Systems(Nonfeedback Systems)
Examples:
1. Electric washing Machine (Any control system that operates on time
basis is open loop system).
2. Traffic control by means of signals operated on a time basis .
 2. Closed loop control systems
(Feedback Control Systems)

• To obtain more accurate control , the controlled signal ‘y’ should be

fed back and compared with the reference input, and an actuating
signal proportional to the difference of the input and the output must
be sent through the system to correct the error. A system with one or
more feedback path is called a closed loop system.
2. Closed loop control systems
(Feedback Control Systems)
Closed loop versus Open loop
systems
1. Sensitivity to Internal and external disturbances:

• In presence of disturbance or error in calibration the open loop system

will not perform the desired task. Open loop system can be used, in
practice, only if relationship between input-output is known and there
are neither internal or external disturbances.

• In closed loop system , the use of feedback makes system response

relatively insensitive to external disturbances and internal variations on
system parameters.
Closed loop versus Open loop
systems
2. Stability :

3. Cost and Power:

Advantages of Open loop control
systems
Disadvantages of Open loop system
Closed loop control systems
(Feedback Control Systems)

Block diagram of closed loop idle-speed control system

Typical Response of open-loop Typical Response of close-loop
Idle-speed control system Idle-speed control system

(a) (b)