Fall 2008: ICE 0116

Ch. 28 Magnetic field

Text: Fundamentals of Physics (8th ed.) by Halliday, Resnick,
Walker

Instructor: Prof. Kondekar Pravin N

Information and Communications University

General Physics II
 Topics
 The magnetic field (B )

 The Hall effect

 A circulating charged particle

 Magnetic force on a current-carrying wire

 Torque on a current loop

 The magnetic dipole moment

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 The magnetic field
 Magnets and electromagnets
 We know about magnetic forces produced by …

magnets

electromagnets

 Static charges produce and feel electric forces.

 Moving charges produce and feel magnetic forces too.

 In magnets, the moving charges are the electrons in the atoms that make the
materials.
 In electromagnets, they are the charges that make up the current in the wire.

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 The magnetic field
 No magnetic monopoles
 The situation is very similar to electrostatics, if we substitute “ poles”
where we used to say “ charge” : like poles repel, opposite poles attract.

 However : no isolated poles occur in nature. They all occur in pairs. Cut a
magnet in half, you still have two magnets with two poles each!

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 The magnetic field
 Magnetic fields
 We define magnetic fields and magnetic field lines in the same way we did for
electric fields. The magnetic field lines of a magnet are very much like that of
electric dipole :

 Magnetic field lines go from north pole to south pole(on the outside). However,
magnetic field lines are always closed: there are no monopoles where the lines
can end! So, that go from south to north in the inside.
 The earth has a magnetic field too: this is the “magnetoshere”.

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 The definition of B
 Units of magnetic field
 Tesla, (Gauss=10-4T)
newton
1tesla  1T  1
(coulomb)(meter / sec ond )
newton
1
(coulomb / sec ond )(meter )
N
1
Am
 Magnetic field in nature
 Well-shielded lab : ~10-14T
 Earth’s surface : ~100μT(1G)
 Fridge magnet : ~10mT(100G)
 Electromagnet : ~1T(10kG)
 Superconducting NMR magnet : ~2T
 Superconducting lab magnet : 10T-20T
 High magnet field lab(e.g. Los Alamos) : 30T-60T
 Neutron star : 100MT

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 The definition of B
 Force exerted by magnetic field
 Observations of MOVING charges show the presence of a velocity-dependent
FORCE that is given by :

F  qv  B

Newtons Meter/second
Coulombs

 We attribute such a force to a MAGNETIC FIELD = B

 Units of B : Tesla =(N.s)/(C.m)=N/(A.m)
 Compare with F  q E for electric fields : definition of fields!

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 Magnetic and electric forces
 Right hand rule

 The force FB acting on a charges paticle moving with velocity v though a

magnetic field B is always perpendicular to v and B .

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 Magnetic and electric forces
 Magnetic and electric force

For electrostatic forces : F  qE

For magnetic forces : F  qv  B

 Charges that do not move, do not feel magnetic force (what about magnets?)
 Magnetic forces are perpendicular to both the velocity of charge and to the
magnetic field (electric forces are parallel to the field). Since magnetic forces
are perpendicular to the velocity they do not work
 Speed of particles moving in a magnetic field remains constant in magnitude,
the direction changes. Kinetic energy is constant (no work)

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 Magnetic and electric forces
 Example
 An electron is traveling with a constant velocity v.
It enters a box in which there is a uniform
magnetic field B.
 Which of the following is TRUE?

 (a) The electron speeds up.

 (b) The electron slows down.
 (c) The electron speed is constant.
 (d) It depends on the direction of the
magnetic field.

• Force is qv x B
• Direction of force is ALWAYS
normal to velocity!
• Speed CANNOT CHANGE!
• Direction of velocity DOES
CHANGE i.e. acceleration is NOT 0!

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 Magnetic and electric forces
 Sample problem
 Uniform magnetic field : B  1.2mT , Kinetic energy : 5.3 MeV
 Magnetic deflecting force ?

1
K  mv 2
2
2K (2)(5.3MeV )(1.60 10 13 J / MeV )
v 
m 1.67 10 27 kg
 3.2 107 m / s

FB  q vB sin 90o
 6.110 15 N

FB 6.1 10 15 N
a   3 .7  1012
m / s 2

m 1.67  10  27 kg

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 Crossed fields : discovery of the electron
 Experiment
 Discovery of the electron in 1897 by J. J. Thomson

 Ions are injected in the region of crossed E and B fields, which fixed
their velocity
 Electric field (perpendicular)  electric force: e E (perpendicualar)
 Magnetic field(horizontal)  magnetic force ev B (perpendicular)

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 Crossed fields : discovery of the electron
 e/m of electron
 E = 0, B = 0 : note the position of the spot on screen S due to the
undeflected beam
 E ≠ 0, B = 0 : Measure the resulting beam deflection (perpendicular
direction)

eEL2
y
2mv 2

 E ≠ 0, b ≠ 0 and adjust its value until the beam returns to the

undeflected position

E m B 2 L2
eE  evB  v  
B e 2 yE

(e  1.6 10 19 C , In 1913, Millikan)

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 Crossed fields : Hall effect
 Hall effect
 In 1879, Edwin H. Hall
 Copper strip of width d in crossed field

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 Crossed fields : Hall effect
 Hall effect
 Hall potential difference V
 Different charge (negative or positive)  the opposite direction

V  Ed
 Number density
 The electric and magnetic forces are in balance
eE  evd B
 Drift speed
J i
vd  
ne neA
 Number density

Bi
n (l  A / d )
Vle

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 Crossed fields
 Example
 In the boxed region:
– Uniform B along -y
– Uniform E along +z
 An electron (me, -e) enters at
left with velocity v along +x
 Can the electron travel through
the box undisturbed, as shown?
 (a) No, this is impossible!
 (b) Yes, if v = (eB)/E
 (c) Yes, if v = E/B
• Force on electron due to E is along -z (into
page)
• Force on electron due to B is along +z
(out of page)
• Balance these out: eE = evB [sin(900) = 1]
• v = E/B

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 A circulating charged particle
 Circular motion
 Since magnetic force is transverse
to motion, the natural movement
of charges is circular.

 The radius of the circular path

v2
F m
r
mv 2 mv
qvB   r
r qB

 Period T
2r 2m
T 
v qB
1 qB
f  
T 2m
qB
  2f 
m

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 A circulating charged particle
 Helical paths
 If the velocity of a charged particle has a component parallel to the (uniform)
magnetic field, the particle will move in a helical path about the direction of
the field vector.

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 A circulating charged particle
 Sample problem (mass spectrometer)
 B = 80.000mT, V = 1000.0V , q = +1.6022 X 10-19C, x =1.6254 m

K  U  0
1 2
mv  qV  0
2
2qV
v
m
mv m 2qV 1 2mV
r  
qB qB m B q
2 2mV
x  2r 
B q

B 2 qx 2
m  3.386310 25 kg  203.93u (1u  1.6605 10 27 kg )
8V

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 Cyclotrons and synchrotrons
 The cyclotron
 Suppose you wish to accelerate
charged particles as fast as you can

Linear accelerator (long)

f  f osc (resonance condition)

qB  2 m f osc

 The proton synchrotron

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 Cyclotrons and synchrotrons
 Sample problem
 Cyclotron, oscillator frequency : 12MHz, a dee radius R=53cm
 (a) Magnetic field? m=3.34 X10-27kg

2mf osc (2 )(3.34  10  27kg )(12 106 s 1 )

B 
q 1.60 10 19 C
 1.57T  1.6T
 (b) Kinetic energy?

RqB (0.53m)(1.60 10  19C )(1.57T )

v 
m 3.34  10 27 kg
 3.39  107 m / s
1 2
K mv
2
1
 (3.34  10 27 kg )(3.99  107 m / s ) 2
2
 2.7 1012 J

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 Magnetic force on a current-carrying wire
 Magnetic force on a wire
L
q  it  i
vd
iL
F q  B  iL  B
F  q vd  B q

F  iL  B

 Note : if wire is not straight, compute force on

differential elements and integrate

d F  id L  B

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 Magnetic force on a current-carrying wire
 Sample problem
 i=28A, linear density of the wire : 46.6 g/m
 What are the magnitude and direction of the
minimum magnetic field B needed to suspend the
wire-that is, to balance the gravitational force on it

iLB sin   mg
mg ( m / L) g
B 
iL sin  i
(46.6 10 3 kg / m)(9.8m / s 2 )
B
28 A
 1.6 10  2 T

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 Torque on a current loop
 Rectangular coil : a x b, current = i
 Net force on current loop = 0
 But : Net torque is NOT zero!

F1  F3  iaB Torque    F1  b  F1b sin   iabB sin 

 For a coil with N turns   ( NiA) B sin  (Where A is the area of coil)

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 The magnetic dipole moment
 Magnetic moment
 We just showed :   NiAB sin 
 Define : magnetic dipole moment

^
  ( NiA) n

  B
 The coil behaves like a bar magnet placed
in the magnetic field
 Current carrying coil: magnetic dipole
Right hand rule : curl fingers in
direction of current : thumb
points along μ

 As in the case of electric dipoles magnetic

dipoles tend to align with the magnetic field

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 The magnetic dipole moment
 Electric and magnetic dipoles

  p E   B

U ( )   p  E
U ( )     B

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 The magnetic dipole moment
 Example

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