By

ATULYA BEHARWAL
CLASS -7 A
ROLL No. - 7
 WEATHER
• It is the condition of the Atmosphere with respect to its various elements from
hour to hour.

• Main elements of Weather are : Temperature,

Atmospheric Pressure, Humidity, Precipitation,
Winds, Clouds etc.

• The Instruments to measure various elements of Weather are :

 Thermometer
 Hygrometer
 Barometer
 Rain Gauge
 Anemometer
 Wind Vane etc.

The place where they are kept is called a Weather Station.

Weather Forecasting
The science which studies and Analysis
Weather conditions is called
METEOROLOGY.

The scientist who study the Weather

conditions are called the
METEOROLOGIST.

In India the Weather related

information is collected and published
by the INDIAN METEOROLOGICAL
DEPARTMENT (IMD)

WEATHER FORECASTING helps in

taking safety measures in the case of a
possible bad weather or any sudden
natural calamity.
It is useful for farmers, Crew of the
Ships, Pilots, Fishermen, defence
personnel, etc.
WEATHER
INSTRUMENTS
Thermometer – Six’s max.&
min. Thermometer :-
To find the max. & min. Temperature of a
day, all day long temp. were recorded
which was very tedious.
James Six developed this thermometer to
easily record max. and min. Temp. of a day.
Description :
It consists of a Cylindrical Bulb and a
Spherical Bulb connected by a narrow U
tube containing Mercury in lower part and
Alcohol above Mercury with two metal
markers in both the limbs.
Both the limbs are calibrated in degree
Celsius scale , one limb from top to bottom
and other limb from bottom to top.
WORKING PROCESS
[SIX’S MAX. & MIN. THERMOMETER]

When the temp. of the surrounding Air increases

the Alcohol in the left limb expands pushing the
mercury in the right limb and so the metal marker
also pushes to the max. Temp in right limb and
remains there.

When the temp. of the surrounding decreases

Alcohol in left limb contracts and then level of
Mercury in left limb increases fixing the metal
marker at the min. Temp of the day.

After recording the readings of the metal markers

they are set at original positions by a magnet for
taking readings of another day.
BAROMETER
The Barometer is the instrument to measure
the Atmospheric or the Air Pressure.

The Atmospheric or Air Pressure is the weight

of the air column on a unit area of the Earth’s
surface.

The weight of the air column is about one Kg

on one square cm area on the Earth’s surface.

Working Process :
It has a long narrow tube filled with Mercury.
The normal Air pressure at the mean sea level
is equal to the weight of 76 cm or 760mm
height of the mercury column in the tube,
which is about one Kg.
When Air pressure is higher than normal it
pushes down on the surface of the mercury,
making some rise up the tube.
The greater the Air pressure, the higher the
mercury rises in the tube
ANEROID BAROMETER
This instrument is also used for measuring the air
pressure.
It has a metal box sealed with a corrugated lid.
There is system of levers and springs for the
movement of the indicators.
It doesn’t use mercury.

Working Procedure:
When the Air pressure increases, the corrugated
lid of the box bends downwards.
The pointer which is attached to spring moves on
a marked scale, thus giving the information about
the Atmospheric pressure.

Aneroid Barometer is also used as an ALTIMETER

to help Pilots and Mountaineers.
BAROGRAPH
This instrument is a n Automatic
Barometer used for continuously
measuring and recording the Air
pressure.

Working Procedure :-
The sensor consists if several aneroid
boxes that are fastened together.
When the atmospheric pressure changes,
the boxes contract or expand , causing
the cover to move up or down.
This movement is transmitted to a pen,
which traces a curve on a ruled paper.
A millimeter of vertical recording
corresponds to about one millibar (mb).

The normal Air pressure at the mean sea

level is 1013 mb
HYGROMETER
HUMIDITY : The amount of water vapour or moisture present in the Air at
a particular time and place is known as Humidity.

The instrument used to measure Humidity is dry bulb and wet bulb
thermometer also called as Hygrometer.

The bulb of the dry thermometer is kept uncovered and is exposed to free
air and bulb of the wet thermometer is wrapped up with a piece of wet
muslin cloth, which is kept continuously moist by keeping it in distilled
water.

The evaporation of water from the wet bulb thermometer can lower the
temperature.
The greater the humidity in the air, the slower is the rate of evaporation
from the surface of the wet bulb.
Thus the difference of temperatures, between the two thermometers will
be small.

When the air is dry or less humid the evaporation from the surface of the
wet bulb is rapid.
Thus the difference of temp. Between dry and wet bulb thermometers will
be large.

The difference of temperatures will show the status of humidity when

compared to relative humidity table.
RAIN GAUGE
The instrument used for measuring the amount of rainfall
received is called the Rain Gauge.

The amount of rainfall received is measured in

millimetres(mm) or cm.

Procedure :
The amount of rainfall, as measured by a Rain Gauge
implies that if that amount of rainwater was allowed to
stand on the surface, the depth of the water would be so
many mm or cm.

Description :
The rain gauge has a metal cylinder, on the top of which a
circular funnel is fitted.
The diameter of this funnel’s rim is 20cm. The rain drops
which are collected through this funnel are measured by a
measuring glass.

Snow is also measured in a similar manner by turning it

into liquid form.
ANEMOMETER
The instrument used for measuring and recording the
speed or velocity of wind is known as Anemometer.

The horizontal movement of the air along the surface

of the earth is called WIND, while the vertical
movement of the air is called the AIR CURRENT.

Description :-
This instrument has a system of cups, a speedometer
attached at the base and a wind speed indicator.

Working Process:-
When the wind starts blowing, it pushes the system of
cups and the cups start rotating along a vertical rod,
freely.
The speedometer attached at the base, records the
number of rotations.
This helps in calculating the speed of the Wind, which
is expressed in km/hour or Knots per hour.
 Beaufort Wind Scale is used to describe Wind
Anemographs are used to continuously record the Wind
speed

Beaufort Wind Scale Anemograph

WIND VANE
This instrument is used to find out the direction of
the Wind.

Description :-
The VANE is a revolving plate balanced on a rod.

It can rotate smoothly and can even respond to a

very mild flow of wind.

The pointed end is called the arrow, while the broad

end is called the tail.

The CROSS below the VANE shows the four main

directions.

The name of the direction is always given after the

direction from which the wind is coming e.g. If the
wind is blowing from the west to east, then it is
called the westerly wind.
 CONCLUSION
ISOHYTES are lines connecting places of equal ISOBARS are lines connecting places of equal
amount of rainfall over a given period of time. Air pressure
Thank You