 Identify the basic tenets of major

political ideologies.
 To define, recognize and distinguish
the difference between the state and
nation including their respective
elements.
 Differentiate the political ideologies.
 Examine the relationship between
political ideologies and configuration
of political communities.
 Critique ideas that have a direct impact
on how we try to manage ourselves as a
political community.
 Analyze how political ideologies
impact on the social and political life
of the Filipinos.
Ideology – a set of ideas
relative to a system of
living that a given society
adheres to as a way of life.
 It becomes his
personal values that
determines his
behavior which by
itself considered as
his personal and
ultimate goal with
idealism.
 It becomes his life
standard as the meaning
per se of his life that he
considers is worth
“dying for” if need be.
 An ideology is
manifested by the facts
that as a system of
living in a given
society, the same
determines the
institutional structures
of both the economic
and political system of
the society.
 The western type of
democracy that produces
western-oriented republican
states likewise accrued with
them the capitalist system
of economy known as
“Laissez faire.”
 Socialism as an
ideology enunciated
greater participation
by the Government
on economic
activities to ensure
more equitable
distribution of the
economic benefits
for the members of
the society.
 Different ideologies are the
reflection of the people’s
struggles for the better
expressed through the
philosophical foundation of
man as the emphasis with
all the social institutions
being considered as mere
instruments to attain the
betterment of man in
relation to time and the
society he lives in.
 Literally means
“no government”
with no restraint
except his own
weakness in
relation to the
strength of
another.
 Mikhail Bakunin, a Russian advocate (1814-1876)
 Anarchists argued
that the only
authority that has
moral and
legitimate force is
the authority that
each individual
gives to himself, for
nobody can be
constrained to
perform any act
unless the act
derives from his
own independent
will.
 The individual rights
to legislate for
himself is
inalienable.
 Each citizen is “his own legislator”
 Anarchists
opposed to any
institutional
restraints that
compromises
individual
freedom.
 It is anchored on the
philosophy that
knowledge of the
truth would make
men free, the pre-
condition for freedom
and equality.
 Anarchists argued that
cooperation as a process
will come along as a
natural course of life
whereby people work
together to achieve a
common goal.
 16th Century England
 Akin to that of
Anarchism with
emphasis on
economic activities
whereby the “let
alone” policy is
vivified with the least
interference as can be
possible from the
government.
 Evil of capitalism however
was seen with the
capitalists’ insatiable
desire for more wealth out
of what they have.
 “Wealth begets wealth” so that the rich getting richer
and the poor getting poorer as the latter have no
wealth to create wealth for themselves.
 The monopoly of
becoming rich by
the wealthy to the
prejudice of the
poor who are
exploited but
compelled to work
for their daily
survival and that of
their families.
 Advocates for the
freedom of the
individuals and the
government
guarantees for their
human rights and
civil liberties.
 Same was the assertion of
the philosophical cry during
the French revolution in the
18th century for “fraternity,
equality, and liberty.”
 Fraternity means people are brothers to one another.
 Equality means that they are equal with one another
regardless of race and country of origin.
 Liberty means individual freedom and/or exercise of
one’s freewill within the constitutional framework of a
given state.
 Liberalism is anchored on equal opportunity among
men for individual self-development.
 Adheres to the
preservation of
existing conditions
and institutions.
 It resists changes and
preserves the status quo
and perpetuates the
same.
 The conservative
refused to initiate
change, especially
the long
established
institutions which
have earned
respect and
reverence with the
lapse of time.
 Should new policies
have to be adopted, a
careful evaluation
and an extensive
discussion shall be
undertaken in order
to ensure a positive
result.
 Adheres to the
common ownership of
the properties,
especially the means of
production.
 Common ownership
is ascribed to the
state which is
managed and
controlled by the
communist party as
the guardian or care
taker of the same.
 Political thought
is “From him
according to his
ability and to
him according to
his needs.”
 Every member of
the community is
required to
contribute
according to his
capability in the
creation of wealth
and shall get the
share therefrom
according to his
needs.
 Individual liberty or
benefit can be sacrificed
for the common good
because the “end
justifies the means.”
 Everyone can be used to
attain the common goal as
set forth by the communist
party leadership.
 Advocates contend
that where there is
unequal distribution
of wealth, there will
inevitably few who
will exploit the many
since the few wealthy
will definitely be the
depository of political
and economic power.
 Derivative of both
communism and
capitalism.
 Its communist aspect
is expressed in its
basic features which
advocates for the
control by the state
of the basic
industries of vital
importance.
 Capitalism is expressed
through the exercise by
the citizens of laissez-faire
policy with respect to the
industries of no vital
importance.
 Most states is basically
socialist and that most
governments are
authoritarian.
 Concentration of powers to the few elite members of
society which greatly influence the economic well-
being of the great majority of the citizenry.
 Influenced by religious
dogmas that were
applied and
institutionalized as a
political authority with
its economic policy that
the economic enterprise
must suit the need of the
whole society more than
the self-interest of the
individual
entrepreneurs.
 Anchored on the rights
of the workers to
organize political parties
in order to actively
participate in the
shaping especially of the
economic policies thru
the trade unionism.
 It is the check and
balance of the
unbridled and
insatiable desire of
the few capitalist to
acquire more wealth
amidst the
sufferings of the
majority poor
brought about by
poverty.
 Advocates a totalitarian
system of government
with dictatorship
anchored on strong
nationalism or even
racism.
 Nazism Germany under Adolf Hitler and followed by
Beneto Mussolini in Italy (1922-1943).
 Strong leadership with his
characteristic appeal
claimed for his infallible
judgment that demands
unquestionable obedience
from his followers.
 Fascism thrives
where dictatorship
is the rule usually
among the
depressed countries
with prevailing
poverty and large
scale exploitation of
the working masses
where usually a
strong leader arose
as Messiah (Savior).
 Emphasized on the
mistake of the present
conditions without giving
a clear alternative to
correct the system as the
same is left to the wisdom
of the leadership whose
action is basically
circumstantial in that it
may always depend upon
his mode based on given
circumstances.
 In both Italy and Germany, Fascism was characterized
with extreme violence as a mode of power acquisition.
 System of governance
were highly dictatorship
and the great number of
people subjected to
threat, intimidation,
physical coercion, unjust
exertion of force and the
use of unduly influence
which practically
weakened any attempt of
opposition.
 Karl Marx (1818-1883)
 Was induced by the
industrial
revolution in
England with its
accrued
exploitation of the
working masses by
the few capitalists.
 Karl Marx divided the
social classes into the
capitalist who owned
properties and the
means of production
known as “bourgeoisie”
and the working class
known as the
“proletariat.”
 There is a continuous
struggle between the
two classes due to their
conflicting interest
which at the proper
time shall culminate
into a bloody
confrontation whereby
at the end, the
proletariat shall
prevail.
 The proletariat is
destined to rise to
power either thru
peaceful means or of
violent change
where democracy
could be a working
reality under the
dictatorship of the
proletariat with the
means of
production of the
economic goods and
services under the
control of the state.
 Utopia (ideal state) is one
where the distribution of
goods and services was
according to the individual
need: international
boundaries and state
sovereignty disappeared and
Cultural Revolution had
affected change whereby
men naturally to identify
their interest with collective
good and general welfare of
the entire society.
 Russian socialist
Vladimir Llyicch
Lenin in 1902
 It envisioned that
his revolutionary
party would
become successful
if the same should
be composed of
both the workers
and the
intellectuals to
work vigorously for
the interest of the
working class.
 Role of the party was to counter act
the repressive aristocracy of the
Tzarist state which prohibited a
working class organization.
 Lenin believed that if
allowed with their own
resources to transcend to
what he called a “Trade
Union consciousness” to
work for better
conditions for the
working class.
 The advance stage of capitalism would colonize the
third world countries to become their marker
place.