GENDER STRATIFICATION

• Gender stratification refers to the social ranking,

where men typically inhabit higher statuses than
women. Often the terms gender
inequality and gender stratification are used
interchangeably.
• It is the unequal distribution of wealth, power,
privilege and prestige between men and women.
Development of Women’s movement
Feminism
• the belief in the social, economic, and political
equality of the sexes. Although largely originating in
the West, feminism is manifested worldwide and is
represented by various institutions committed to
activity on behalf of women’s rights and interests.
3 WAVES OF FEMINISM
• First Wave of Feminism,
which was characterized
by initiatives taken by
women to fight for
women suffrage or the
right to vote and be
educated, as well as labor
rights and other
privileges.
Second Wave of Feminism emerged, which was
characterized by the so-called women’s liberation. In
this period, Feminists realized that the gains of First
Wave of Feminism were not enough to solve the
problem of women’s oppression.
• It broadened the debate to a wide range of issues
such as sexuality, family, the workplace, reproductive
rights and official legal inequalities. Therefore, the
goal of Second Wave of Feminists was women’s
liberation and not merely political emancipation.
Third Wave of Feminism emerged. It refers to several
diverse strains of Feminist activity and study, whose
exact boundaries in the history of Feminism are a
subject of debate.
• Women’s oppression is said to be primarily based on
gender ideology or attitudes regarding the
appropriate roles, rights, and responsibilities of men
and women in society. Although feminists share the
same goal of gender equality, they differ in their
beliefs regarding causes and strategies in achieving
this.
“The Feminine Mystique”
was considered an important
work for this period because
it tackled the issue of what
Friedan called the “Problem
with No Name”, or the sense
of not being able to do
something for themselves
and not having a sense of
fulfillment which kept
women from truly enjoying
their womanhood because
they continued to remain
oppressed.
DOMINANT FEMINIST THEORIES
Liberal Feminism - since women are rational like men,
they should be given equal opportunities with men like
access to education, the right to vote, and be elected to
public office.
• Socialist Feminism -
inequality on gender is
based on division of labor—
to women’s subordination
emphasizing that other
factors such as race, age,
religion, ethnicity, and
disability need to be
considered in analyzing
women’s oppression.
Radical Feminism - believe that
women’s oppression is the most
basic feature of society and all
other forms of oppression are
only secondary and that biology
is destiny; women, by virtue of
their physical make-up, are
meant to be oppressed that is
why patriarchy must be
abolished by liberating women
from male domination.
Emergence of the Third Sex
What is third sex?
• It is the concept the individuals
are categorized as neither man
or woman.
• Emerged around 1700 A.D. in
England
• It was until 1990’s when LGBT
was adopted by many English-
speaking countries like US,
Australia and Canada.
Homosexuality
• The romantic attraction, sexual attraction or sexual
behavior between members of the same sex or
gender.
• The most common terms for homosexual people are
lesbian for females and gay for males.
Theories in Homosexuality
• American Academy of Pediatrics (2004): Individual do
not choose to be homosexual or heterosexual. Sexual
orientation is a combination of genetic, hormonal, and
environmental influences.
• Royal College of Psychiatrists (2007) – Sexual
orientation is biological in nature, determined by a
complex interplay of genetic factors and the early
uterine development.
• American Psychiatric Association – No one knows
what causes hetero, homo or bisexuality.
• Dr. Julie Hamilton: homosexuality is a result of
interaction between environment and temperament.
Environment includes relationships with parents,
peers and other exposure.
• Peter La Barbera: Homosexuality is a choice which can
be transformed by the power of God.
• John H. Gagnon, Edward Lauma, Gina Kolaba: People
raised in large cities tend to be homosexuals.
• Dr. William Holmes and Dr. Gail Slap: sexual abuse is
a contributing factor for homosexual development.
Problems confronting Homosexuality
• Discrimination
• Stereotypes
• Blame for plagues and disasters
• Victims of Abuse
Gender and Development
What is GAD?
• The GAD (Gender And
Development) approach
focuses on the socially
constructed basis of
differences between men and
women and emphasizes the
need to challenge existing
gender roles and relations
ARE MEN AND WOMEN EQUAL?
Yes, No or Not sure?
Yes, No or Not sure?

1. Men are physically stronger then women.

Yes, No or Not sure?
2. Women are more intelligent.
Yes, No, Not sure?
3. A man is less masculine if he’s not able to
provide financially for his family.
Yes, No, Not sure?
4. Men are better drivers
5. Women are better in multi-tasking
6. Do women have fault for being cat-called when
they wear sexy / revealing outfits?
7. It is not proper for a girl to say “I love you” first
to a boy.
8. Men are better leaders and administrators than
women.
Sex and Gender: How do they differ?
KEY CONCEPTS
Sex refers to the biological differences between males and
females; while gender, on the other hand, refers to the
sociocultural attributes associated with being a man and a
woman and the different roles that society assigns to men and
women.
 Sex Gender
Male or Female Masculinity and femininity
Biological Socially and culturally
determined
Fixed at birth Learned through socialization
Does not change in time Varies over time and space
Equally values Unequally valued
• Gender identity includes knowledge of a large set of
rules and expectations for what boys and girls should
wear, how they should speak and act, and their ‘place’
in the overall structure of the society.
• Socialization – is the process by which social
norms, roles and expectations are learned and
internalized.
• Gender Socialization – is
the process by which
norms and expectations
in relation to gender are
learned by women and
men.
• Gender stereotype – a form of prejudgment, bias or
limitation given to roles and expectations of males
and females.
GENDER INVOLVES THE DIFFERENTIATIONS
1. social roles
2. capacities
3. traits and characteristics
 Gender Stereotypes in Social Roles:
Men Women
Provides financially Takes care of house & fam
Managers, builders, enggr Nurse, teacher, secretary
Portrayed as leader follower
 Gender Stereotypes in Capacities
Men Women
Good in math & Good in arts and
science less intellectual;
Physically strong Weaker and
fragile
Firm decision- Fickle-minded in
makers decision-making
Gender stereotypes in Traits and
Characteristics
Men Women
Aloof Passive
Active Loving
Aggressive Peaceful
Independent Dependent
brave Fearful
Areas of Socialization

1.Family
2.Church
3.Mass Media
4.School
Family: Ruth Hartley notes 4 processes
involved in gender socialization
1. Manipulation – people handle girls and boys
differently as infants.
Example: Mothers tend to use more physical
stimulation on male infants and more verbal
stimulation on female infants.
Boy babies are tossed in the air.
Girl babies get more delicate handling.
2. Canalization - means that people direct children’s
attention to gender-appropriate objects
Ex. boys are given toy cars and machines, girls are given
dolls and tea sets.
3. Verbal appellation - telling children
what they are and what is expected
of them.
Example:
Brave boy, pretty girl
Boys don’t cry, girls don’t hit
playmates
4. Activity exposure -
familiarizing children to
their gender-
appropriate tasks
Example:
Girls help their
mother with
housework.
Boys are
encouraged to play
outside the house
Church
• Gender roles in Christianity vary considerably
today as they have during the last two millennia.
This is especially true with regards to marriage
and ministry
Mass Media
Media`s sexualization of young female
celebrities
Marketing of unrealistic beauty standards
through fashion magazines
Video games that promote violence and
negative stereotypes.
Sex stereotypes in kids’ tv programs
School
Instructional Language
The use of generic words to refer to both
girls and boys
Example: he, his, man

The use of stereotyped language

Example: freshman… first year student
mankind…. humanity
fisherman …fisher folk
chairman ….chairperson
Classroom management
• Assigning of groups – ( boys and girls together
not boys against girls)
• Tasks given by teachers
• Discipline
C. Instructional Materials
• Textbooks
• Direct teaching materials
• Peripheral teaching materials