Modified radar equation

• Smin
• σ
• Threshold detection
• Modified equation using noise figure and
noise bandwidth
• Integration of radar pulses
• Radar cross section of targets
• Transmitter Power
 System losses
• Plumbing losses
• Beamshape losses
• Limiting loss
• Propagation effects
attenuation
ducting
 TYPES OF RADARS
• Search Radars- used for searching and
detecting Radars
• Operated in acquisition mode
• Tracking Radars- Used for detecting and
Tracking Radars
• Operated in both search and tracking modes
 TRACKING
• Finding the target information and locating it
is known as tracking
• AIM of tracking Radar
Measuring the co-ordinates of the target
and determining the path of the target
 Types of Tracking Radars
• Single Target Tracking

• Automatic Detection And Tracking Radar

• Track While Scan Radar

• Phase Array Tracking Radar

Range Tracking
 Angle Tracking
• Trackers using a single time-shared beam to
track angles:
– Sequential lobing
– Conical Scan
• Simultaneous beams:
– Monopulse trackers
Sequential Lobing Radar
Sequential Lobing Radar
Conical Scan
Simplified conical scan radar system
Mag-error
Sign-direction of error

DC o/p
Error signal produced when the target is on &
away from the tracking axis for conical scan.
Disadvantages of conical scan
Monopulse Radar
• 2 monopulse methods:
– Amplitude-Comparison
– Phase-comparison
Amplitude Comparison Monopulse
Amplitude Comparison Monopulse
Difference Channel
 Combined tracking (Amp&phase)
• P C & A C principles can be combined in a single radar to
produce 2-D angle tracking with only 2-Ant’s, rather than 4-
Ant’s.

• Angle Inf. in one plane(Az) is obtained by 2-Ants placed side-

by-side as in a phase-comparison monopulse.

• One of the beam is tilted upward, other is tilted down ward, to

achive the squint needed for Amp-comparison sysyem
 Low angle tracking
Radar tracks at low elevation angle, near earth surface, can
receive two echo signals.