Introduction to

Eddy current Testing

 History of Eddy Current Testing
1. In 1820, Hans Chrtian Oersted discovered that an electrical current flowing
through a conductor causes a magnetic field to develop around the conductor.

2. In 1831, Michael Faraday discovered that relative motion between magnetic field
and a conductor induces a voltage in that conductor, casing a current to flow.

3. Joseph Henry also independently discovered electromagnetic induction in the

UNITED STATES.

4. In 1834, Heinrich Lenz stated the principles that defines how the properties of the
test object are communicated back to the system.

5. In 1864, James Maxwell stated the famous 4 maxwell equations for

Electromagnetism

6. In 1879, D.E. Huges, first used the concept of Eddy currents to conduct
metallurgical sorting tests.
 History of Eddy Current
Testing

 Michael Faraday's
discovery of
electromagnetic
induction in 1831
 Definitions:
• Resistance:The opposition of current flow,resulting
in a change of electrical energy into heat or another
form of energy.
• Inductive Reactance:Resistance to AC current flow
resulting from electromagnetic induction in the coil.
• Impedence(Z):The combined opposition to current
flow resulting from inductive reactance and
resistance.
Ohm's Law

R=ρL/A
ρ=Resistivity (Ohm-cm) = 1/σ
σ = Conductivity (mho or % IACS)
 Faraday's Law
• Define the flux of the magnetic field through a surface (closed or open)
from:
dS

B B

• Faraday's Law:

The emf induced in a circuit is determined by the time rate of

change of the magnetic flux through that circuit.

The minus sign indicates direction of induced current (given by Lenz's

Law).
 Faraday’s Law of Induction

The emf induced in a circuit is directly proportional to the time

rate of change of the magnetic flux through the circuit.

d B
E 
dt
where,  B   B.dA

d B
For N loops, E  N
dt
 Faraday’s Law of Induction

d B E   BA cos  
d
E 
dt dt

To induce an emf we can change,

• the magnitude of B
• the area enclosed by the loop
• the angle between B and the
normal to the area
• any combination of the above

over time.
 Faraday’s Law
Consider the loop shown:

d m d dx
 Bl x  Bl
dt dt dt

dx
E  Blv  Bl
dt

d m
Therefore, E 
dt

CONCLUSION : To Produce emf one should make any change in a

magnetic flux with time.
Faraday's Law
 Faraday's Law

Δφ
Єemf=NΔt
Єemf=Induced emf
N= Number of Turns
Δφ= Change in Flux
 Lenz’s Law

The direction of induced current is such as

to oppose the cause producing it.
 Lenz’s Law
B, H

N S

Iinduced

V+, V-

Lenz’s Law: emf appears and current flows that creates

a magnetic field that opposes the change – in this case
an decrease – hence the negative sign in Faraday’s Law.
 Application of Lenz’s Law

When the switch is closed, the flux goes from

zero to a finite value in the direction shown.

To counteract this flux, the induced current in the

ring has to create a field in the opposite
direction.

After a few seconds, since there is no change in the flux, no current flows.

When the switch is opened again, this time flux decreases, so a current in the
opposite direction will be induced to counter act this decrease.
 Resistance vs Reactance
• Resistance is measured in ohms. • Reactance is measured in ohms.

• Resistance doesn’t depend on • Reactance depends on frequency.

frequency. – 1/wC or wL

• Reactance shifts the phase.

• Resistance doesn’t affect the – ELI the ICE man
phase.
 Impedance

R
R
~Ac Test
l
Coil
XL
XL

Impedance (Z) in an eddy current coil is the total

opposition to current flow. In a coil, Z is made up of
resistance (R) and inductive reactance(XL).
 Impedance
Resistance Inductive Reactance Impedance

2 2 2
R XL Z
 Self Induction

Self Induction Equations

 Mutual Inductance

In an AC coil, induction from the magnetic field of one loop of

the coil causes a secondary current in all other loops. The
secondary current opposes the primary current.
L-R Circuit

Where R is resistance
XL is Reactive Impedance
Z is Impedance
 L-R Circuit
Impedance Plane
Voltage Plane
HALL EFFECT: THE DISCOVERY

•Discovered by Edwin Hall in

1879.
 THE HALL EFFECT
•Lorentz Force:
•F = q[E + (v x B)]

•Hall voltage is produced by charge accumulation on

sidewalls
•Charge accumulation balances Lorentz Force
•Charge accumulation increases resistance
• In 1864 Maxwell presented his classical dissertation
on a dynamic theory of electromagnetic
phenomena.

• These phenomena include the generation and flow

of eddy currents in conductors and the associated
electromagnetic fields.
 Electromagnetic induction

• Electromagnetic Induction
THANK YOU