COMPUTER HARDWARE

Lesson 3 Prepared by: Frederick Jose F. Rañin

 Objectives

At the end of this chapter the

students should be able to:
identify the five components
of a computer system;
 Objectives

distinguish input devices and

output devices; and
learn the computer's internal
registers and memory.
 Theoretical Background

Hardware refers to the

electric, electronic/and
mechanical devices used for
processing data.
 Theoretical Background

It also denotes to other

components called peripheral
devices that expand the
computer's input, output, and
storage capabilities.
Definitions

Hardware - refers to the

tangible components of a
computer system.
 Definitions
Hardware  Input Devices
components are  Output Devices
further divided  The System Unit
into five groups  Computer
and they are: Memory
 Secondary

Storage Devices
 1. Input Devices
Input devices perform the two most
basic computing tasks: issuing
commands and entering data.
 1. Input Devices

Data entry is defined as the

process of entering data into
me memory of the computer
and issuing commands that tell
the processor to work with the
data.
Types of Input Devices

 Keyboard
The keyboard is the standard
input device of most computers.
It was patterned after the
typewriter and keypad of an
electronic calculator.
Types of Input Devices

 Mouse
The mouse is a hand-clicked
device used for pointing. The
modern mouse uses a ball for
movement and has two to three
buttons.
Types of Input Devices

 Trackball
Trackball is another commonly
used pointing device. It is like a
stationary, upside down mouse.
Types of Input Devices

 Joystick
The joystick is an input
device which commonly used
for computer games.
Types of Input Devices

 Light Pen
The light pen is a device used to
draw, write, or issue commands
when it touches a specially
designed screen.
Types of Input Devices

 Video Input Devices

The most common video input
device is called the digital
camera, which takes both still
photographs and moving images
and transfers them directly into
the computer.
Types of Input Devices

 Text Input Devices

Copying the text contents of
another printed material such as
an old book is error prone. One
such device is the scanner.
2. Output Devices

After processing the data that is

feed info the computer with the
use of input devices, the
information must now be
displayed in a form that can be
understood by human beings.
2. Output Devices

Computer-generated output
comes in the following forms:
 Text Output

is simply the alphanumeric

characters that make up our
language.
2. Output Devices

 Graphic Output
includes line, drawings, maps,
business presentation, graphics,
computer-aided design,
photographic reproduction, etc.
2. Output Devices

 Sound Output
ranges from message beeps
produced by the computer
system to the voice to music.
2. Output Devices

Video Output
refers to photographs or moving
images.
2. Output Devices

Types of Output Devices

Output devices are classified
according to the output they
produced: hard copy and soft
copy.
Types of Output Devices

 Printer
the printer provides hard copy
output on paper. Printers fall
into two major categories:
impact and non-impact printers.
Types of Output Devices

 Two Types of Printer

• Impact Printer - produces an
output using a mechanism that
presses against an inked ribbon
on paper and it was patterned
after the typewriter.
Types of Output Devices

• Non-impact Printer - The

quality of output from laser
printer is normally excellent
and much better than the
output of impact printers.
Types of Output Devices

• Non-impact Printer - uses a

photocopier-like process to
transfer ink to a piece of
paper.
Types of Output Devices

 Video Monitor
Monitor produces soft copy
output. They are the most
common output device used
aside from the printer.
Types of Output Devices

 Speakers
Speakers are used for audio
output such as beeps, human
voice, and music.
Types of Output Devices

 Modem
A device can be used for
both input and output.
The modem is used to connect
one computer to another via
conventional telephone lines.
3. System Unit

The system unit is a part of a

computer which is responsible
for accepting and processing
the data brought in by the
input devices.
3. System Unit

It is also responsible for

passing the information to the
users via output devices.
3. System Unit

The system is composed of

integrated circuits designed
to perform a particular task.
Components of the System Unit

 Main Circuit Board

It is the central nervous system of
the computer. All of the most
important components are either
mounted on it or connected to the
main circuit board is also known
as the motherboard.
Components of the System Unit

 Ports
A port is a connection from the
main circuit board to a
peripheral device such as a
keyboard, a printer, or a video
monitor.
 Components of the System Unit

 Expansion Slots
Expansion slots are the long plug-
in strips in the main circuit board.
They are used to connect
expansion cards to the main
circuit board.
Components of the System Unit

 Bus
The bus is responsible for
transporting electronic signals -
from place to place on specific
predefined routes. It is an
electronic pathway between
various computer components.
Components of the System Unit

 Processor
Processing is the most important
activity of the computer. Without
a processor, a computer wouldn't
be a computer.
 Components of the System Unit

It is an integrated circuit chip

containing electronic circuitry that
controls the interpretation and
execution of instructions.
Components of the System Unit

• Control Unit
directs the step by step operation
of the computer. It is in charge of
obtaining and processing
instructions.
 Components of the System Unit

• Arithmetic and Logic Unit - is

capable of performing arithmetic
and logical operations. It is
responsible also for making
comparisons in order to determine
whether processing operations are
mathematical or logical.
 Components of the System Unit

 Registers
Registers are high-speed
temporary storage areas which
are used to hold both instructions
and data during processing.
 Components of the System Unit

Registers have three types;

instruction register, buffer
register, and accumulator.
 Components of the System Unit

• Instruction Register - holds

instructions currently being
executed by the CPU.
 Components of the System Unit

• Buffer Register - temporarily

holds data retrieved from the
primary memory, prior to
processing.
 Components of the System Unit

• Accumulator - temporarily
stores the results of continuing
arithmetic and logical
operations.
4. Computer's Memory

The CPU uses the computer's

memory to hold pieces of
information while it works
with them.
4. Computer's Memory

Physically, memory consists of

some chips either on the
mother board or on a small
circuit board attached to the
motherboard.
4. Computer's Memory

This built-in memory allows

the CPU to store and retrieve
data very quickly.
Two Types of Memory

 ROM (Read Only Memory)

It is non-volatile and the data
in them can't be changed.
Two Types of Memory

RAM (Random Access

Memory)
Memory that can be
changed and also being
called as the volatile
memory.
5. Secondary Storage Devices

A secondary storage device

is a hardware component
that has the capability to
read and write data and
instructions.
5. Secondary Storage Devices

The difference between a

primary and a secondary
storage is that secondary
storage is at least long term,
if not permanent.
Types of Secondary Storage
 Sequential Access Storage
The data is stored and accessed
in a set order, perhaps
alphabetically, numerically, or
chronologically in this type of
storage.
Types of Secondary Storage
 . Direct Access Storage
Sometimes called random access,
means that the data stored in a
specific location can be found
and access quickly regardless of
its position.
Sequential Access Devices
 Reel to Reel Tape
It was once the primary means
of storage for old mainframe
computers. It was used as a
backup storage after disk
storage was introduced.
Sequential Access Devices
 Tape Cartridges
Tape cartridges have greater
capacity than reel to reel tape.
They are more compact in terms
of the physical storage space
used. tapes are stored like books
in a library.
Direct Access Storage Devices
 Floppy Disk
It is an inexpensive, removable
storage device used for storing
relatively small amount of data.
Direct Access Storage Devices
 Hard Disk
Hard disks can store many times
more information than floppy
diskettes. They are made of a
solid, hard material, unlike
floppy disks
Direct Access Storage Devices
 CD-ROM
Compact disk read-only memory
is an optical disk that holds
approximately 650 MB of data.
A CD-ROM just like its musical
counterpart, the compact disk, is
written to only once.
 SOFTWARE
Lesson 4 Prepared by: Frederick Jose F. Rañin
Objectives

At the end of this chapter tile

students should be able to:
 be able to differentiate
software categories; and
 identify the most suited
software for his/her needs.
Theoretical Background

Software is the term used for

the non-tangible components
of a computer system that
provides computer with
instructions on how to carry
out tasks.
Theoretical Background

It is composed of one or more

programs and the instructions
ranges from simple ones
(getting the sum of two input
numbers) to a more
complicated one.
Definitions

Software • is anon-physical
component of the computer
system.
Definitions

It also refers to the set of

instructions (program) that a
hardware can understand
and execute to perform a
Specific task.
 Evolution of Software

1. First Generation (Low-Level

Languages)
 More technical

 Less user friendly

 Faster

 More flexible
 Evolution of Software

2. Second Generation
(Assembly Language)
 More technical

 Less user friendly

 Faster

 More flexible
 Evolution of Software

3. Third Generation (High-

Level Languages)
 Less technical

 More user friendly

 Slower .
 Less flexible
 Evolution of Software

4. Fourth Generation (Very

High-Level Languages)
 Report generators

 Query languages

 Application generators
 Software Categories

1. System Software - refers to

programs that assist in the
hardware operations in
general.
 Types of System Software
a. Operating System - the
software responsible for
controlling the allocation and
usage of hardware resources
such as memory, central
processing unit (CPU), time, disk
space, and peripheral devices.
 Types of System Software

b. Programming Languages -
are programs used to write
other programs.
 Levels of Programming Languages

1. Machine Language -
language that the hardware
can understand directly.
 Levels of Programming Languages

It uses binary symbols to

represent data and instructions.
It is also referred to as a low-
level language.
 Levels of Programming Languages

2. Symbolic Language - uses

abbreviated instructions called
mnemonics. It uses hexadecimal
representations for numbers.
 Levels of Programming Languages

3. High-Level Language -
directly understandable to
human beings. It uses decimal
representation for numbers.
 Levels of Programming Languages

3. High-Level Language -
directly understandable to
human beings. It uses decimal
representation for numbers.
 Levels of Programming Languages

It is also needed to be
translated to machine
language. Compiler is the
translator.
 Language Processors

Language Processors - also

known as translators, used to
convert source program into
executable one.
 Language Processors

Compiler - translates programs

written in high-level languages
into machine instructions
understandable by the
hardware.
 Language Processors

Assembler - converts high-

level languages into an
assembly language
Interpreters - executes directly
the instructions after every
translation
 Software Categories

2. Application Software -
programs designed to perform
a specific task.
 Types of Application Software

a. Custom Software -
specifically created by the
programmer on the same
organization where it will be
implemented.
 Types of Application Software

b. Packaged Program - usually

created by software
manufacturers for the use of
any organization.
 Classification of Package Program

a. Word Processor - provides

tools for creating, editing, and
formatting text-based
documents.
 Classification of Package Program

b. Spreadsheet - provides tools

for working with numerical
data for financial analysis.
 Classification of Package Program

c. Database Management
Software - a tool that enables
the user to add, view, and
work with the data in the
database.
 Classification of Package Program

d. Graphics - allows the user to

make reports and other
presentations using graphs,
drawings, and other pictorial
representations.
 Classification of Package Program

e. Desktop Publishing
Software - specialized for
designing and laying out long
or complex documents.
 Classification of Package Program

f. Communication Software -
allows the user to access
software and data from and to
a computer.
 Classification of Package Program

g. Utility Software - helps the

user to fine-tune the
performance of the hardware,
prevents unwanted actions, or
performs special, system-
related tasks.
 Classification of Package Program
h. Personal Software -
sometimes referred to as
personal information manager.
This software provides tools
that help organize personal
information such as addresses,
telephone numbers, etc.
 Classification of Package Program

i. CAD Software - allows

engineers and architects to
design products prior to
manufacturing.
 Classification of Package Program

j. Multimedia Software -
allows the user to use text,
graphics, animation, video, and
sound.
 Classification of Package Program

k. Integrated Software - a
combination of 2 or more of
the above applications.