Chapter 2

Atoms, Molecules
& Ions

Dr. S. M. Condren
 Quantum Corral

http://www.almaden.ibm.com/vis/stm/corral.html
Dr. S. M. Condren
Scanning Tunneling Microscope

Dr. S. M. Condren
Scanning Tunneling Microscope

Dr. S. M. Condren
Scanning Tunneling Microscope

Dr. S. M. Condren
http://www.cbu.edu/~mcondren/SeeAtoms.htm

Dr. S. M. Condren
 http://mrsec.wisc.edu/
http://mrsec.wisc.edu/

Developed in collaboration with the

Institute for Chemical Education and the
Magnetic Microscopy Center
University of Minnesota
http://www.physics.umn.edu/groups/mmc/

Dr. S. M. Condren
 http://www.nsf.gov/mps/dmr/mrsec.htm
Sample

http://www.nsf.gov/mps/dmr/mrsec.htm

Probe Pull Probe Strip

Pull Probe Strip

Dr. S. M. Condren
 Which best represents the poles?
(a) (b) (c)

North South

Dr. S. M. Condren
 Atoms & Molecules
Atoms
• can exist alone or enter into chemical
combination
• the smallest indivisible particle of an
element
Molecules
• a combination of atoms that has its own
characteristic set of properties

Dr. S. M. Condren
 Law of Constant Composition
A chemical compound always contains the
same elements in the same proportions by
mass.

Dr. S. M. Condren
 Law of Multiple Proportions
• the same elements can be combined to form
different compounds by combining the
elements in different proportions

Dr. S. M. Condren
 Dalton’s Atomic Theory
Postulates
• proposed in 1803
• know at least 2 for first exam

Dr. S. M. Condren
 Dalton’s Atomic Theory
Postulate 1
• An element is composed of tiny particles
called atoms.
• All atoms of a given element show the same
chemical properties.

Dr. S. M. Condren
 Dalton’s Atomic Theory
Postulate 2
• Atoms of different elements have different
properties.

Dr. S. M. Condren
 Dalton’s Atomic Theory
Postulate 3
• Compounds are formed when atoms of two
or more elements combine.
• In a given compound, the relative number
of atoms of each kind are definite and
constant.

Dr. S. M. Condren
 Dalton’s Atomic Theory
Postulate 4
• In an ordinary chemical reaction, no atom
of any element disappears or is changed into
an atom of another element.
• Chemical reactions involve changing the
way in which the atoms are joined together.

Dr. S. M. Condren
Radioactivity

Dr. S. M. Condren
 Radioactivity
• Alpha – helium-4 nucleus
• Beta – high energy electron
• Gamma – energy resulting from transitions
from one nuclear energy level to another

Dr. S. M. Condren
Cathode Ray Tube

Dr. S. M. Condren
Thompson’s Charge/Mass Ratio

Dr. S. M. Condren
Millikin’s Oil Drop

Dr. S. M. Condren
Rutherford’s Gold Foil

Dr. S. M. Condren
Rutherford’s Model of the Atom

Dr. S. M. Condren
 Rutherford’s Model of the Atom
• atom is composed mainly of vacant space
• all the positive charge and most of the mass
is in a small area called the nucleus
• electrons are in the electron cloud
surrounding the nucleus

Dr. S. M. Condren
 Structure of the Atom
Composed of:

• protons
• neutrons
• electrons

Dr. S. M. Condren
 Structure of the Atom
Composed of:
• protons • protons
• neutrons – found in nucleus
• electrons – relative charge of +1
– relative mass of 1.0073 amu

Dr. S. M. Condren
 Structure of the Atom
Composed of:
• protons
• neutrons • neutrons
• electrons – found in nucleus
– neutral charge
– relative mass of 1.0087 amu

Dr. S. M. Condren
 Structure of the Atom
Composed of:
• protons
• neutrons
• electrons
• electrons
– found in electron cloud
– relative charge of -1
– relative mass of 0.00055 amu

Dr. S. M. Condren
Size of Nucleus

Dr. S. M. Condren
 Alpha Radiation
• composed of 2 protons and 2 neutrons
• thus, helium-4 nucleus
• +2 charge
• mass of 4 amu
• creates element with atomic number 2 lower

Dr. S. M. Condren
 Beta Radiation
• composed of a high energy electron which
was ejected from the nucleus
• “neutron” converted to “proton”
• very little mass
• -1 charge
• creates element with atomic number 1
higher
Dr. S. M. Condren
 Gamma Radiation
• nucleus has energy levels
• energy released from nucleus as the nucleus
changes from higher to lower energy levels
• no mass
• no charge

Dr. S. M. Condren
 Ions
• charged single atom
• charged cluster of atoms

Dr. S. M. Condren
 Ions
• cations
– positive ions
• anions
– negative ions
• ionic compounds
– combination of cations and anions
– zero net charge

Dr. S. M. Condren
 Atomic number, Z
• the number of protons in the nucleus
• the number of electrons in a neutral atom
• the integer on the periodic table for each
element

Dr. S. M. Condren
 Isotopes
• atoms of the same element which differ in
the number of neutrons in the nucleus
• designated by mass number

Dr. S. M. Condren
 Mass Number, A
• integer representing the approximate mass
of an atom
• equal to the sum of the number of protons
and neutrons in the nucleus

Dr. S. M. Condren
Masses of Atoms
Carbon-12 Scale

Dr. S. M. Condren
 Isotopes of Hydrogen
H-1, 1H, protium
• 1 proton and no neutrons in nucleus
• only isotope of any element containing no
neutrons in the nucleus
• most common isotope of hydrogen

Dr. S. M. Condren
 Isotopes of Hydrogen
H-2 or D, 2H, deuterium
• 1 proton and 1 neutron in nucleus

Dr. S. M. Condren
 Isotopes of Hydrogen
H-3 or T, 3H, tritium
• 1 proton and 2 neutrons in nucleus

Dr. S. M. Condren
 Isotopes of Oxygen
O-16
• 8 protons, 8 neutrons, & 8 electrons
O-17
• 8 protons, 9 neutrons, & 8 electrons
O-18
• 8 protons, 10 neutrons, & 8 electrons

Dr. S. M. Condren
The radioactive isotope 14C has how
many neutrons?
6, 8, other

Dr. S. M. Condren
The identity of an element is determined by the
number of which particle?
protons, neutrons, electrons

Dr. S. M. Condren
Mass Spectrometer

Dr. S. M. Condren
Mass Spectra of Neon

Dr. S. M. Condren
Measurement of Atomic Masses

Mass Spectrometer

a simulation is available at
http://www.colby.edu/chemistry/
OChem/DEMOS/MassSpec.html

Dr. S. M. Condren
 Atomic Masses and
Isotopic Abundances
natural atomic masses =
sum[(atomic mass of isotope)
*(fractional isotopic abundance)]

Dr. S. M. Condren
 Example: Chlorine has two isotopes, Cl-35 and Cl-37,
which have masses of 34.96885 and 36.96590 amu,
respectively. The natural atomic mass of chlorine is
35.453 amu. What are the percent abundances of the
two isotopes?
let x = fraction Cl-35 y = fraction Cl-37
x+y=1 y=1-x
(AW Cl-35)(fraction Cl-35) + (AW Cl-37)(fraction Cl-37) = 35.453
Thus:
34.96885*x + 36.96590*y = 35.453

Dr. S. M. Condren
Example: Chlorine has two isotopes, Cl-35 and Cl-37,
which have masses of 34.96885 and 36.96590 amu,
respectively. The natural atomic mass of chlorine is
35.453 amu. What are the percent abundances of the
two isotopes?
let x = fraction Cl-35
y = fraction Cl-37
x + y = 1 <=> y = 1 - x

Dr. S. M. Condren
Example: Chlorine has two isotopes, Cl-35 and Cl-37,
which have masses of 34.96885 and 36.96590 amu,
respectively. The natural atomic mass of chlorine is
35.453 amu. What are the percent abundances of the
two isotopes?
let x = fraction Cl-35
y = fraction Cl-37
x + y = 1 <=> y = 1 - x
(AW Cl-35)(fraction Cl-35) + (AW Cl-37)(fraction Cl-37) = 35.453

Dr. S. M. Condren
Example: Chlorine has two isotopes, Cl-35 and Cl-37,
which have masses of 34.96885 and 36.96590 amu,
respectively. The natural atomic mass of chlorine is
35.453 amu. What are the percent abundances of the
two isotopes?
let x = fraction Cl-35
y = fraction Cl-37
y=1-x
x + y = 1 <=>

(AW Cl-35)(fraction Cl-35) + (AW Cl-37)(fraction Cl-37) = 35.453

34.96885*x + 36.96590*y = 35.453

34.96885*x + 36.96590*(1-x) = 35.453

Dr. S. M. Condren
Example: Chlorine has two isotopes, Cl-35 and Cl-37,
which have masses of 34.96885 and 36.96590 amu,
respectively. The natural atomic mass of chlorine is
35.453 amu. What are the percent abundances of the
two isotopes?
let x = fraction Cl-35
y = fraction Cl-37
x + y = 1 <=> y = 1 - x
(AW Cl-35)(fraction Cl-35) + (AW Cl-37)(fraction Cl-37) =
35.453
34.96885*x + 36.96590*y = 35.453
34.96885*x + 36.96590*(1-x) = 35.453
(34.96885 - 36.96590)x + 36.96590 =
35.453
Dr. S. M. Condren
Example: Chlorine has two isotopes, Cl-35 and Cl-37,
which have masses of 34.96885 and 36.96590 amu,
respectively. The natural atomic mass of chlorine is
35.453 amu. What are the percent abundances of the
two isotopes?
let x = fraction Cl-35
y = fraction Cl-37
x + y = 1 <=> y = 1 - x
(AW Cl-35)(fraction Cl-35) + (AW Cl-37)(fraction Cl-37) = 35.453
34.96885*x + 36.96590*y = 35.453
34.96885*x + 36.96590*(1-x) = 35.453
(34.96885 - 36.96590)x + 36.96590 = 35.453

Dr. S. M. Condren
Example: Chlorine has two isotopes, Cl-35 and Cl-37,
which have masses of 34.96885 and 36.96590 amu,
respectively. The natural atomic mass of chlorine is
35.453 amu. What are the percent abundances of the
two isotopes?
let x = fraction Cl-35
y = fraction Cl-37
x + y = 1 <=> y = 1 - x
(AW Cl-35)(fraction Cl-35) + (AW Cl-37)(fraction Cl-37) = 35.453
34.96885*x + 36.96590*y = 35.453
34.96885*x + 36.96590*(1-x) = 35.453
(34.96885 - 36.96590)x + 36.96590 = 35.453
(34.96885 - 36.96590)x = (35.453 - 36.96590)

Dr. S. M. Condren
Example: Chlorine has two isotopes, Cl-35 and Cl-37,
which have masses of 34.96885 and 36.96590 amu,
respectively. The natural atomic mass of chlorine is
35.453 amu. What are the percent abundances of the
two isotopes?
let x = fraction Cl-35
y = fraction Cl-37
x + y = 1 <=> y = 1 - x
(AW Cl-35)(fraction Cl-35) + (AW Cl-37)(fraction Cl-37) = 35.453
34.96885*x + 36.96590*y = 35.453
34.96885*x + 36.96590*(1-x) = 35.453
(34.96885 - 36.96590)x + 36.96590 = 35.453
(34.96885 - 36.96590)x = (35.453 - 36.96590)

- 1.99705x = - 1.5129

Dr. S. M. Condren
Example: Chlorine has two isotopes, Cl-35 and Cl-37,
which have masses of 34.96885 and 36.96590 amu,
respectively. The natural atomic mass of chlorine is
35.453 amu. What are the percent abundances of the
two isotopes?
let x = fraction Cl-35
y = fraction Cl-37
x + y = 1 <=> y = 1 - x
(AW Cl-35)(fraction Cl-35) + (AW Cl-37)(fraction Cl-37) = 35.453
34.96885*x + 36.96590*y = 35.453
34.96885*x + 36.96590*(1-x) = 35.453
(34.96885 - 36.96590)x + 36.96590 = 35.453
(34.96885 - 36.96590)x = (35.453 - 36.96590)
- 1.99705x = - 1.5129

1.99705x = 1.5129

Dr. S. M. Condren
Example: Chlorine has two isotopes, Cl-35 and Cl-37,
which have masses of 34.96885 and 36.96590 amu,
respectively. The natural atomic mass of chlorine is
35.453 amu. What are the percent abundances of the
two isotopes?
let x = fraction Cl-35
y = fraction Cl-37
x + y = 1 <=> y = 1 - x
(AW Cl-35)(fraction Cl-35) + (AW Cl-37)(fraction Cl-37) = 35.453
34.96885*x + 36.96590*y = 35.453
34.96885*x + 36.96590*(1-x) = 35.453
(34.96885 - 36.96590)x + 36.96590 = 35.453
(34.96885 - 36.96590)x = (35.453 - 36.96590)
- 1.99705x = - 1.5129
1.99705x = 1.5129

x = 0.7553 <=> 75.53% Cl-35

Dr. S. M. Condren
Example: Chlorine has two isotopes, Cl-35 and Cl-37,
which have masses of 34.96885 and 36.96590 amu,
respectively. The natural atomic mass of chlorine is
35.453 amu. What are the percent abundances of the
two isotopes?
let x = fraction Cl-35
y = fraction Cl-37
x + y = 1 <=> y = 1 - x
(AW Cl-35)(fraction Cl-35) + (AW Cl-37)(fraction Cl-37) = 35.453
34.96885*x + 36.96590*y = 35.453
34.96885*x + 36.96590*(1-x) = 35.453
(34.96885 - 36.96590)x + 36.96590 = 35.453
(34.96885 - 36.96590)x = (35.453 - 36.96590)
- 1.99705x = - 1.5129

1.99705x = 1.5129
x = 0.7553 <=> 75.53% Cl-35
y=1-x
Dr. S. M. Condren
Example: Chlorine has two isotopes, Cl-35 and Cl-37,
which have masses of 34.96885 and 36.96590 amu,
respectively. The natural atomic mass of chlorine is
35.453 amu. What are the percent abundances of the
two isotopes?
let x = fraction Cl-35
y = fraction Cl-37
x + y = 1 <=> y = 1 - x
(AW Cl-35)(fraction Cl-35) + (AW Cl-37)(fraction Cl-37) = 35.453
34.96885*x + 36.96590*y = 35.453
34.96885*x + 36.96590*(1-x) = 35.453
(34.96885 - 36.96590)x + 36.96590 = 35.453
(34.96885 - 36.96590)x = (35.453 - 36.96590)
- 1.99705x = - 1.5129

1.99705x = 1.5129
x = 0.7553 <=> 75.53% Cl-35
y = 1 - x = 1.0000 - 0.7553
Dr. S. M. Condren
Example: Chlorine has two isotopes, Cl-35 and Cl-37,
which have masses of 34.96885 and 36.96590 amu,
respectively. The natural atomic mass of chlorine is
35.453 amu. What are the percent abundances of the
two isotopes?
let x = fraction Cl-35
y = fraction Cl-37
x + y = 1 <=> y = 1 - x
(AW Cl-35)(fraction Cl-35) + (AW Cl-37)(fraction Cl-37) = 35.453
34.96885*x + 36.96590*y = 35.453
34.96885*x + 36.96590*(1-x) = 35.453
(34.96885 - 36.96590)x + 36.96590 = 35.453
(34.96885 - 36.96590)x = (35.453 - 36.96590)
- 1.99705x = - 1.5129

1.99705x = 1.5129
x = 0.7553 <=> 75.53% Cl-35
y = 1 - x = 1.0000 - 0.7553 = 0.2447
Dr. S. M. Condren
Example: Chlorine has two isotopes, Cl-35 and Cl-37,
which have masses of 34.96885 and 36.96590 amu,
respectively. The natural atomic mass of chlorine is
35.453 amu. What are the percent abundances of the
two isotopes?
let x = fraction Cl-35
y = fraction Cl-37
x + y = 1 <=> y = 1 - x
(AW Cl-35)(fraction Cl-35) + (AW Cl-37)(fraction Cl-37) = 35.453
34.96885*x + 36.96590*y = 35.453
34.96885*x + 36.96590*(1-x) = 35.453
(34.96885 - 36.96590)x + 36.96590 = 35.453
(34.96885 - 36.96590)x = (35.453 - 36.96590)
- 1.99705x = - 1.5129

1.99705x = 1.5129
x = 0.7553 <=> 75.53% Cl-35
y = 1 - x = 1.0000 - 0.7553 = 0.2447
24.47% Cl-37
Dr. S. M. Condren
 Development of Periodic Table
Newlands - English
1864 - Law of Octaves - every 8th element
has similar properties

Dr. S. M. Condren
 Development of Periodic Table
Mendeleev - Russian
1869 - Periodic Law - allowed him to
predict properties of
unknown elements

Dr. S. M. Condren
 Mendeleev’s Periodic Table
the elements are arranged according to
increasing atomic weights

Dr. S. M. Condren
Mendeleev’s Periodic Table

Missing elements: 44, 68, 72, & 100 amu

Dr. S. M. Condren
Properties of Ekasilicon

Dr. S. M. Condren
 Modern Periodic Table
Moseley, Henry Gwyn Jeffreys
1887–1915, English physicist.
Studied the relations among bright-line spectra of different
elements.
Derived the ATOMIC NUMBERS from the frequencies of
vibration of X-rays emitted by each element.
Moseley concluded that the atomic number is equal to the
charge on the nucleus.
This work explained discrepancies in Mendeleev’s Periodic
Law.
Dr. S. M. Condren
 Modern Periodic Table
the elements are arranged according to
increasing atomic numbers

Dr. S. M. Condren
 Periodic Table of the Elements
IA II A III B IV B VB VI B VII B VIII B IB II B III A IV A VA VI A VII A VIII A
1 1 2
1 H H He
1.008 1.008 4.0026
3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
2 Li Be B C N O F Ne
6.939 9.0122 10.811 12.011 14.007 15.999 18.998 20.183
11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18
3 Na Mg Al Si P S Cl Ar
22.99 24.312 26.982 28.086 30.974 32.064 35.453 39.948
19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36
4 K Ca Sc Ti V Cr Mn Fe Co Ni Cu Zn Ga Ge As Se Br Kr
39.102 40.08 44.956 47.89 50.942 51.996 54.938 55.847 58.932 58.71 63.54 65.37 69.72 72.59 74.922 78.96 79.909 83.8
37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54
5 Rb Sr Y Zr Nb Mo Tc Ru Rh Pd Ag Cd In Sn Sb Te I Xe
85.468 87.62 88.906 91.224 92.906 95.94 * 98 101.07 102.91 106.42 107.9 112.41 114.82 118.71 121.75 127.61 126.9 131.29
55 56 57 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86
6 Cs Ba **La Hf Ta W Re Os Ir Pt Au Hg Tl Pb Bi Po At Rn
132.91 137.33 138.91 178.49 180.95 183.85 186.21 190.2 192.22 195.08 196.97 200.29 204.38 207.2 208.98 * 209 * 210 * 222
87 88 89 104 105 106 107 108 109 110 111 112 113 114 115 116
7 Fr Ra ***Ac Rf Ha Sg Ns Hs Mt Uun Uuu Uub Uut Uuq Uup Uuh
* 223 226.03 227.03 * 261 * 262 * 263 * 262 * 265 * 268 * 269 * 272 * 277 *284 *285 *288 *292
Based on symbols used by ACS S.M.Condren 2003
58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71
* Designates that **Lanthanum Ce Pr Nd Pm Sm Eu Gd Tb Dy Ho Er Tm Yb Lu
all isotopes are Series 140.12 140.91 144.24 * 145 150.36 151.96 157.25 158.93 162.51 164.93 167.26 168.93 173.04 174.97
radioactive 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 100 101 102 103
*** Actinium Th Pa U Np Pu Am Cm Bk Cf Es Fm Md No Lr
Series 232.04 231.04 238.03 237.05 * 244 * 243 * 247 * 247 * 251 * 252 * 257 * 258 * 259 * 260

Dr. S. M. Condren
 Organization of Periodic Table
• period - horizontal row
• group - vertical column

Dr. S. M. Condren
 Family Names
Group IA alkali metals
Group IIA alkaline earth metals
Group VIIA halogens
Group VIIIA noble gases
transition metals
inner transition metals
• lanthanum series rare earths
• actinium series trans-uranium series
Dr. S. M. Condren
Types of Elements
metals
nonmetals
metalloids - semimetals

Dr. S. M. Condren
 Elements, Compounds, and
Formulas
Elements
• can exist as single atoms or molecules
Compounds
• combination of two or more elements
• molecular formulas for molecular
compounds
• empirical formulas for ionic compounds
Dr. S. M. Condren
 Organic Compounds
Organic Chemistry
• branch of chemistry in which carbon
compounds and their reactions are
studied.
• the chemistry of carbon-hydrogen
compounds

Dr. S. M. Condren
 Inorganic Compounds
Inorganic Chemistry
• field of chemistry in which are studied
the chemical reactions and properties of
all the chemical elements and their
compounds, with the exception of the
hydrocarbons (compounds composed of
carbon and hydrogen) and their
derivatives.

Dr. S. M. Condren
Molecular and Structural Formulas

Dr. S. M. Condren
 Bulk Substances
• mainly ionic compounds
– empirical formulas
– structural formulas

Dr. S. M. Condren
Models of Sodium Chloride

NaCl “table salt”

Dr. S. M. Condren
How many atoms are in the formula Al2(SO4)3?

3, 5, 17

Dr. S. M. Condren
 Naming Binary
Molecular Compounds
• For compounds composed of two non-
metallic elements, the more metallic
element is listed first.
• To designate the multiplicity of an element,
Greek prefixes are used:
mono => 1; di => 2; tri => 3; tetra => 4;
penta => 5; hexa => 6; hepta => 7;
octa => 8

Dr. S. M. Condren
 Common Compounds
H2O SO3
water sulfur trioxide
NH3 CCl4
ammonia carbon tetrachloride
N2O
PCl5
nitrous oxide
phosphorus pentachloride
CO
carbon monoxide SF6
CS2 sulfur hexafluoride
carbon disulfide

Dr. S. M. Condren
 Alkanes - CnH2n+2

• methane - CH4 • hexanes - C6H14

• ethane - C2H6 • heptanes - C7H16
• propane - C3H8 • octanes - C8H18
• butanes - C4H10 • nonanes - C9H20
• pentanes - C5H12 • decanes - C10H22

Dr. S. M. Condren
 Burning of
Propane Gas

Dr. S. M. Condren
Butanes

Dr. S. M. Condren
 Ionic Bonding
Characteristics of compounds with ionic
bonding:
• non-volatile, thus high melting points
• solids do not conduct electricity, but melts
(liquid state) do
• many, but not all, are water soluble

Dr. S. M. Condren
Ion Formation

Dr. S. M. Condren
 Valance
Charge on Ions
• compounds have electrical neutrality
• metals form positive monatomic ions
• non-metals form negative monatomic ions

Dr. S. M. Condren
 Valence of Metal Ions
Monatomic Ions
Group IA => +1
Group IIA => +2

Maximum positive valence

equals
Group A #
Dr. S. M. Condren
 Valence of Non-Metal Ions
Monatomic Ions
Group VIA => -2
Group VIIA => -1

Maximum negative valence

equals
(8 - Group A #)
Dr. S. M. Condren
Charges of Some Important Ions

Dr. S. M. Condren
 Polyatomic Ions
• more than one atom joined together
• have negative charge except for NH4+ and
its relatives
• negative charges range from -1 to -4

Dr. S. M. Condren
 Polyatomic Ions
ammonium NH4+ sulfate SO42-
perchlorate ClO41- carbonate CO32-
cyanide CN1- phosphate PO43-
hydroxide OH1-
nitrate NO31-

Dr. S. M. Condren
 Names of Ionic Compounds
1. Name the metal first.
If the metal has more than one oxidation
state, the oxidation state is specified by
Roman numerals in parentheses.
2. Then name the non-metal,
changing the ending of the non-metal to
-ide.
Dr. S. M. Condren
 Nomenclature
NaCl KI
sodium chloride potassium iodide
Fe2O3 Mg3N2
iron(III) oxide magnesium nitride
N2O4 SO3
dinitrogen tetroxide sulfur trioxide

Dr. S. M. Condren
 Nomenclature
NH4NO3
ammonium nitrate
KClO4
potassium perchlorate
CaCO3
calcium carbonate
NaOH
sodium hydroxide
Dr. S. M. Condren
 Nomenclature Drill
Available for PCs:
– on your disk to use at home or in the dorm
– in the Chemistry Resource Center
– off the web under Chapter 2, Links
http://www.cbu.edu/~mcondren/c115lkbk.html

Dr. S. M. Condren
How many moles of ions are there per
mole of Al2(SO4)3?

2, 3, 5

Dr. S. M. Condren
 Chemical Equation
• reactants
• products
• coefficients

reactants -----> products

Dr. S. M. Condren
 Writing and Balancing
Chemical Equations
• Write a word equation.
• Convert word equation into formula
equation.
• Balance the formula equation by the use of
prefixes (coefficients) to balance the
number of each type of atom on the reactant
and product sides of the equation.

Dr. S. M. Condren
 Example
Hydrogen gas reacts with oxygen gas to
produce water.
Step 1.
hydrogen + oxygen -----> water
Step 2.
H2 + O2 -----> H2O
Step 3.
2 H2 + O2 -----> 2 H2O

Dr. S. M. Condren
 Example
Iron(III) oxide reacts with carbon monoxide to
produce the iron oxide (Fe3O4) and carbon
dioxide.

iron(III) oxide + carbon monoxide -----> Fe3O4 + carbon dioxide

Fe2O3 + CO -----> Fe3O4 + CO2

3 Fe2O3 + CO -----> 2 Fe3O4 + CO2

Dr. S. M. Condren