Masonry: Building Technology 1: Div 04

MASONRY
MASONRY
BUILDING TECHNOLOGY 1 : DIV 04
MASONRY
1. MORTARS AND PLASTERS
a proportioned mixture of siliceous materials (sand,

1. MORTARS AND crushed stone) and cement (lime, Portland) which, after
PLASTERS
being prepared in a plastic state with water, hardens into
1.01 Cement mortar
1.02 Plaster
a stone like mass.
1.03 Types of plaster
and their uses Mortar is cement mix used to glue masonry units to
2. UNIT MASONRY each other, or other surface finishing materials like tiles,
2.01 Definition bricks, stones to a receiving structure like a wall or floor.
2.02 Stone
2.03 Bricks
Plaster is mortar applied to wall surfaces as a
2.04 Concrete hollow
block preparation or a hard finish coat.
2.05 “Durisol” block
2.06 Plaster block
2.06 Structural clay
tile
MASONRY
1.01 CEMENT MORTAR
•is a proportioned mixture of cement, fine aggregate
1. MORTARS AND
and water.
PLASTERS
1.01 Cement mortar •For first-class mortars 1 part of cement should be
1.02 Plaster added to not more than 3 parts of sand.
and their uses
•Replacing 10 or 15 percent of the cement by volume
2. UNIT MASONRY
2.01 Definition
with hydrated lime gives greater workability and
2.02 Stone
increases the strength of the mortar.
2.03 Bricks
2.04 Concrete hollow •For rubble stonework, 1 : 4 will be much stronger than
block
lime mortar.
2.06 Plaster block
•For the top surface of floors and walks, use 1 : 1 to 1-
tile 1/2.
•Mortar made with fine sand requires a much larger

quantity of cement to obtain a given strength than mortar
made with coarse sand.
MASONRY
•Mortar may be mixed by hand or mechanical mixers,

1. MORTARS AND the latter being preferred for large quantities.
PLASTERS
1.01 Cement mortar
1.02 Plaster
•When the mixing is done by hand, it should be done
on platforms made watertight to prevent the loss of
and their uses cement.
2. UNIT MASONRY
2.01 Definition •The cement and sand should be mixed dry in small
2.02 Stone
batches in the proportions required on a clean platform.
2.03 Bricks
block •Water is added and the whole remixed until it is
2.05 “Durisol” block homogeneous in color and leaves the mixing hoe clean
2.06 Plaster block when drawn out.
tile
•Mortar should never be retempered after it has begun
to set
MASONRY
1.02 PLASTER
•is a mortar of cementitious material ( lime, gypsum or

1. MORTARS AND
PLASTERS cement), sand and water which is applied in coats
1.01 Cement mortar (layers) to masonry surfaces, lath or various types of
1.02 Plaster plaster board to give a hard finish surface to interior or
1.03 Types of plaster exterior walls and ceilings.
and their uses
2. UNIT MASONRY
•the word “plaster” refers to gypsum plaster and the
2.01 Definition
words gypsum and plaster are often used
2.02 Stone
2.03 Bricks
interchangeably.
block •Fiber or hair is sometimes added to the mixture to give
2.05 “Durisol” block increased strength as when used for the first coat.
2.06 Plaster block
tile •Plastering is done according to two basic methods: two-
coat and three-coat. A three-coat job consists of :
MASONRY
•a first binding coat called scratch coat;
1. MORTARS AND
PLASTERS •a second straightening coat called the brown-coat; and
1.01 Cement mortar
1.02 Plaster •a final coat called the finish coat.
and their uses
In the two-coat work, the scratch and brown coats are
2. UNIT MASONRY
2.01 Definition
combined into one.
2.02 Stone
2.03 Bricks
block
2.06 Plaster block
tile
MASONRY
1.03 TYPES OF PLASTER AND THEIR USES
a. Lime Plaster
1. MORTARS AND
PLASTERS Lime putty (hydrated lime and water), mixed on the
1.01 Cement mortar job with sand and gypsum plaster, used for two and
1.02 Plaster
three-coat finish surfaces for interior walls and
and their uses ceilings.
2. UNIT MASONRY
2.01 Definition
Scratch coat : 1 part lime putty, 1 part Portland cement
2.02 Stone or Keene’s cement, 2-3/4 parts sand by
2.03 Bricks weight.
2.04 Concrete hollow Brown coat : 1 part lime putty, 1part Portland cement
block
or Keene’s cement, 3 parts sand by
weight.
2.06 Plaster block
Finish coat:
tile Hard finish : 1 part lime putty, 1/3 gypsum plaster by
volume
Sand float : 1 part lime putty, ¼ gypsum plaster, 2
parts sand by volume
MASONRY
b. Gypsum Plaster
•Gypsum plaster. Plaster of Paris mixed with clay,
1. MORTARS AND lime and other materials in combinations covered by
PLASTERS trademarks or patents. Mixed on the job with water,
1.01 Cement mortar
sand, lime putty, hair or fiber for two or three-coat finish
1.02 Plaster
surfaces for interior walls and ceilings; or used dry as
and their uses ingredient for hard or sand float finish with lime plaster
2. UNIT MASONRY (see above).
2.01 Definition
2.02 Stone •High-strength gypsum plaster. Same as gypsum
2.03 Bricks plaster but mixed to meet established standards. Mixed
2.04 Concrete hollow on the job with water, sand, lime putty, hair or fiber for
block
two and three-coat finish surfaces for both exteriors
2.06 Plaster block
and interiors.
2.06 Structural clay Scratch and brown coats : 1 part high-strength gypsum
tile
plaster to 2 parts sand by
weight.
Hard finish : ¼ lime putty to 1 part high-
strength gypsum plaster by
volume
MASONRY
•Fibered gypsum plaster. Gypsum plaster
premixed with fibers. Mixed on the job with water
1. MORTARS AND and sand for scratch coat for three-coat plastering
PLASTERS
job
1.01 Cement mortar
1.02 Plaster
•Prepared gypsum plaster. Gypsum plaster mixed
and their uses with fine white sand. Used for two and three-coat
2. UNIT MASONRY finish surfaces for interior walls and ceilings .
2.01 Definition
Scratch and brown coats : mix per manufacturer’s
2.02 Stone
instructions.
2.03 Bricks
Finish coat: Any type of final coat plaster
block (gypsum, Keene’s
2.05 “Durisol” block cement, lime or prepared
2.06 Plaster block finish coat
tile
•Bonding plaster. Gypsum plaster mixed with
ingredients develop more adhesive strength in
combinations covered by trademarks or patents. Used
for interior finish for smooth concrete walls or ceilings.
Mix and apply as per manufacturer’s directions
MASONRY
•Lightweight gypsum plaster, fire-resistant
plaster. Gypsum plaster mixed on the job with
1. MORTARS AND water, perlite, vermiculite or other suitable mineral
PLASTERS
aggregate. Lightweight gypsum plaster is used
1.01 Cement mortar
when weight is important, and for fire-proofing other
1.02 Plaster
materials such as steel. Applied on lath. For interior
and their uses use only .
2. UNIT MASONRY
2.01 Definition Scratch and brown coats : 2 sand, 2 cu. ft. perlite or
2.02 Stone vermiculite per 100 lb. of
2.03 Bricks plaster.
2.04 Concrete hollow Brown coat: 3 sand, 3 cu ft. perlite or
block vermiculite per 100 lb.
2.05 “Durisol” block of plaster.
2.06 Plaster block Finish coat:
2.06 Structural clay Hard finish: 1/3 gypsum plaster, 1 lime
tile
putty by volume
Sand Float Finish: 1 gypsum plaster, 1-1/2
sand by volume
MASONRY
•Keene’s cement. Plaster of Paris mixed with alum
or borax or other materials and burned (calcined) at
1. MORTARS AND 932F. Mixed on the job with water, lime putty and
PLASTERS
fine white sand as hard finish for two and three-coat
1.01 Cement mortar
gypsum plaster. For interior use only:
1.02 Plaster
and their uses
Hard finish : 1 Keene’s cement, ¼ lime putty, 1/10
2. UNIT MASONRY
fine white sand by weight .
2.01 Definition
Sand float finish : ½ Keene’s cement, 2 lime putty, 4 ½
2.02 Stone
sand by volume.
2.03 Bricks
block Plaster of Paris. For ornamental plaster work and
2.05 “Durisol” block castings.
2.06 Plaster block Molding plaster. For ornamental plaster work and
2.06 Structural clay castings. Mix with water as per manufacturer’s
tile
directions.
Acoustics plaster. For acoustic treatment of interior
walls and ceilings. Applied on gypsum plaster base
coats. Mix with water as per manufacturer’s directions.
MASONRY
c. Portland Cement Plaster
•Mixed with water, sand and lime putty. Used for two
1. MORTARS AND and three-coat finish surfaces for exterior and
PLASTERS
interior walls and ceilings
1.01 Cement mortar
1.02 Plaster Scratch and brown coats : 1 cement, ¼ lime putty, 3
1.03 Types of plaster sand.
and their uses
Sand float finish : 1 cement, ¼ lime putty, 3
2. UNIT MASONRY
sand.
2.01 Definition
2.02 Stone
•Thickness of plaster coats depends on the type of
2.03 Bricks
material to which the plaster is applied. Generally, the
block total thickness is 5/8” on metal lath and ½” on lathing
2.05 “Durisol” block board and gypsum block.
2.06 Plaster block
2.06 Structural clay •In three-coat plastering work, the scratch and brown
tile
coats are ¼” thick at minimum; the finish coat is 1/8” with
a minimum of 1/16” at any point.
•For two-coat work, the base coat is ½” and the finish

coat is the same as three-coat work.
MASONRY
d. “Sgraffito”
1. MORTARS AND
•is highly decorative
PLASTERS type of plaster work
1.01 Cement mortar developed in Italy
1.02 Plaster during the
and their uses
Renaissance. This
2. UNIT MASONRY
type of technique
2.01 Definition consists of applying
2.02 Stone two or three thin coats
2.03 Bricks of plaster different
2.04 Concrete hollow colors and then cutting
block
away certain areas of
one or two coats to
2.06 Plaster block
produce a three-
tile dimensional colored
design.
MASONRY
2. UNIT MASONRY
2.01 DEFINITION
1. MORTARS AND Masonry - is a built-up construction or combination of
PLASTERS
building materials as clay, concrete, or stone set in
1.01 Cement mortar
1.02 Plaster
mortar; or plain concrete.
and their uses Masonry Terms:
2. UNIT MASONRY
2.01 Definition
2.02 Stone
Bed – The horizontal surfaces on
2.03 Bricks which the stones or bricks of
2.04 Concrete hollow walls lie in the courses.
block
Course Course – A continuous layer of
2.06 Plaster block
bricks, stones, or other
tile masonry units
Wythe or Tier – Each continuous,

vertical section of the wall, one
Wythe masonry unit thick.
or Tier
MASONRY
Bond – That connection

1. MORTARS AND
PLASTERS between bricks, stones or
1.01 Cement mortar other masonry units formed
1.02 Plaster by lapping them one upon
English Bond
another carrying up the
and their uses
work, so as to form an
2. UNIT MASONRY
inseparable mass of
2.01 Definition
building, by preventing the
2.02 Stone
2.03 Bricks
vertical joints falling over
each other (also called a
block breaking joint).
Stretcher
2.06 Plaster block
Stretcher – A brick or block
tile
masonry laid lengthwise of
a wall
Header Header – A brick or block

masonry extending over the
thickness of the wall
MASONRY
Heading course – A course in which
the bricks or other masonry
units are all headers.
1. MORTARS AND
PLASTERS
1.01 Cement mortar Soldier – A unit laid on its end with
1.02 Plaster its face perpendicular to the
1.03 Types of plaster face of the wall.
and their uses
2. UNIT MASONRY Soldier
Quoins – The corner stones at the
2.01 Definition
2.02 Stone
angles of buildings, usually
2.03 Bricks
rusticated so as to project from
2.04 Concrete hollow the normal surface of the wall.
block
2.05 “Durisol” block Bond Stones – Stones running
2.06 Plaster block
through the thickness of the
tile wall at right angles to its face,
in order to bind it together.
Blocking or Blocking Course – A

course of stones placed on top
of cornice crowning the walls
MASONRY
2.02 STONE
1. MORTARS AND Stone, together with wood and clay, are the basic building
PLASTERS
material of man. The history of architecture until as late
1.01 Cement mortar
as 1900 was largely the history of stone in architecture,
1.02 Plaster
and their uses
Stone was the structural material,
2. UNIT MASONRY the exterior and interior finishing
2.01 Definition
material, the flooring material and
2.02 Stone
in many cases the roofing material.
2.03 Bricks
block It was also used for all types of
2.05 “Durisol” block sculpture, statuary, and decorative
2.06 Plaster block and ornamental applications.
tile
Today, stone is largely used as a
surface finishing material for both
the exterior and interior of
buildings.
MASONRY
Stone commonly used for architectural purposes include:

1. MORTARS AND
PLASTERS
1.01 Cement mortar • granite • limestone
1.02 Plaster
and their uses
2. UNIT MASONRY
2.01 Definition
2.02 Stone
• marble • sandstone
2.03 Bricks
block
2.06 Plaster block
tile • travertine
• slate
MASONRY
They are commonly classified as:

1. MORTARS AND
PLASTERS
Rubble Stone. Stone
1.01 Cement mortar
1.02 Plaster
delivered from the
quarries rough and
and their uses irregular shape.
2. UNIT MASONRY
2.01 Definition
2.02 Stone Dimension Stone.
2.03 Bricks
Stone cut into
block specific size,
2.05 “Durisol” block squared to
2.06 Plaster block dimensions, and to
2.06 Structural clay a specific thickness
tile
MASONRY
STONEWORK: The types of stonework are based on the

1. MORTARS AND shape and the surface treatment of finish of the stone :
PLASTERS
1.01 Cement mortar
a. Rubble work. Masonry of
1.02 Plaster
rough, undressed stones.
and their uses
2. UNIT MASONRY When only the roughest
2.01 Definition irregularities are knocked
2.02 Stone off, it is called scabbled
2.03 Bricks rubble, and
2.04 Concrete hollow when the stones in each
block
course are rudely dressed
2.06 Plaster block
to a nearly uniform height,
RUBBLE
2.06 Structural clay range rubble . WORK
tile
b. Random work. Stones

fitted together at random
without any attempt to lay
them in course. RANDOM
WORK
MASONRY
c. Ashlar. Squared stones in regular courses, in

1. MORTARS AND contradistinction to rubble work .
PLASTERS
1.01 Cement mortar
1.02 Plaster
Ranged work or coursed
ashlar – Uniform courses
and their uses with stones uniform in
2. UNIT MASONRY size.
2.01 Definition
2.02 Stone
2.03 Bricks
RANGED WORK
block Broken range ashlar –
2.05 “Durisol” block Course laid with the
2.06 Plaster block horizontal joints
2.06 Structural clay uninterrupted but the width
tile
of the courses and the
length of the stones are
varied to produce a wall
with a less regular pattern.
BROKEN RANGED WORK
MASONRY
•Random course their
rectangular shape and are
1. MORTARS AND laid on horizontal beds but
PLASTERS
no effort is made to
1.01 Cement mortar
continue the horizontal
1.02 Plaster
beds through in an
and their uses uninterrupted manner.
2. UNIT MASONRY Large stones combine RANDOM COURSE WORK
2.01 Definition with small ones in a
2.02 Stone convenient and, if
2.03 Bricks
possible, an interesting
block
manner.
2.06 Plaster block •Rustic or Rock work -
2.06 Structural clay Courses of stone face
tile
which is jagged, so as to
RUSTIC OR ROCK WORK
present a rough surface.
* Rustication occurs when heavier
stones or areas of stone project from
the normal face of the surrounding wall
or of the joint themselves.
MASONRY
2.03 BRICKS
1. MORTARS AND
PLASTERS are structural units of clay or shale formed while plastic
1.01 Cement mortar and subsequently fired.
1.02 Plaster
1.03 Types of plaster The manufacture of brick consists essentially of
and their uses
screening, grinding, or working the clay to the desired
2. UNIT MASONRY
2.01 Definition
consistency for molding, whether by hand or machine.
2.02 Stone
2.03 Bricks After molding, the bricks are dried and then burned in
2.04 Concrete hollow kilns for many hours at high temperatures, approximately
block 2000F.
2.06 Plaster block
These processes purify the raw products, make it uniform
tile and homogeneous, burn out all combustible matter, and
result in a product which is both stable and physically
permanent .
MASONRY
The types of bricks most frequently used in architecture
are :
Common or building brick. Used for all
1. MORTARS AND
PLASTERS purposes, including facing.
1.01 Cement mortar
1.02 Plaster Facing brick. Specially processed to give
1.03 Types of plaster certain specific surface characteristics.
and their uses
Used for exposed masonry surfaces.
2. UNIT MASONRY
2.01 Definition
Glazed brick. These have a smooth outer
2.02 Stone
2.03 Bricks
surface with a dull satin or high gloss
finish. They are load bearing, fire
block resisting, and impervious. They are
2.05 “Durisol” block usually formed with vertical hollow cores
2.06 Plaster block
through the body with scoring on the
tile back.
Fire (refractory) brick. These are ordinarily

made from a mixture of flint clay and
plastic clay, and are used for the lining of
furnaces, fireplaces, and chimneys.
MASONRY
BRICK WORK. The usual methods of laying brick are as
follows :
1. MORTARS AND Common Bond. Consists of five
PLASTERS
1.01 Cement mortar
stretcher courses and then a
1.02 Plaster header course. It is generally
1.03 Types of plaster begun with a row of headers
and their uses at the bottom course
2. UNIT MASONRY COMMON BOND
2.01 Definition
English Bond. Consists of
2.02 Stone
alternate courses of
2.03 Bricks
stretchers and headers
block
2.05 “Durisol” block Flemish Bond. Consists of
2.06 Plaster block alternate headers and ENGLISH BOND
2.06 Structural clay stretchers in each course
tile
Herringbone. The bricks are laid

diagonally to form a herring-
bone pattern.
FLEMISH BOND
MASONRY
Mortar joints between brick courses are usually from
4.5mm (3/16”) to 12mm (½”).
1. MORTARS AND
PLASTERS
1.01 Cement mortar
1.02 Plaster
and their uses
2. UNIT MASONRY
2.01 Definition
2.02 Stone
2.03 Bricks
block
2.06 Plaster block
tile
MASONRY
2.04 CONCRETE HOLLOW BLOCKS
1. MORTARS AND Concrete Hollow Block (CHB) is a hollow masonry unit,
PLASTERS
with two or three cells or cores, made of the following
1.01 Cement mortar
ingredients: water, Portland cement, and various types
1.02 Plaster
of aggregate such as sand, gravel, and crushed stone.
and their uses
2. UNIT MASONRY Lightweight concrete hollow blocks are also
2.01 Definition manufactured with such aggregates as cinders,
2.02 Stone expanded slag, expanded shale or clay. Expanded blast
2.03 Bricks furnace slag rates the highest in fire resistance, and due
block
to its cellular structure, has high sound and thermal
2.05 “Durisol” block insulation quality.
2.06 Plaster block
2.06 Structural clay These are manufactured by machine-mixing the
tile
ingredients, pouring the mix into molds, and curing the
block by air drying. A steam-and-pressure curing
process is also used which can produce concrete
hollow block in a few hours.
MASONRY
1. MORTARS AND • Standard CHB sizes are

PLASTERS
from thicknesses of
1.01 Cement mortar
100mm (4”), 150mm (6”)
1.02 Plaster
and 200mm (8”) x height of
and their uses 200mm (8”) x length of
2. UNIT MASONRY 400mm (16”).
2.01 Definition
2.02 Stone • CHB of 100mm (4”)
2.03 Bricks thickness should be used
block
only for interior partition
2.05 “Durisol” block walls where weather-
2.06 Plaster block tightness is not required.
tile
MASONRY
•The different types of concrete hollow block include:
1. MORTARS AND
PLASTERS
1.01 Cement mortar
Stretchers Corner blocks
1.02 Plaster
and their uses
2. UNIT MASONRY
2.01 Definition
2.02 Stone
2.03 Bricks
Headers Jamb blocks
block
2.06 Plaster block
tile
Beam or lintel blocks

MASONRY
Concrete hollow blocks should be
1. MORTARS AND
laid on a full bed of mortar with
PLASTERS horizontal and vertical joints 10mm
1.01 Cement mortar (3/8”) thick.
1.02 Plaster
and their uses
Reinforcement for 100mm (4”) and
2. UNIT MASONRY
150mm (6”) thick wall shall be
2.01 Definition
10mm vertical bars at 600mm on
2.02 Stone centers and 10mm horizontal bars
2.03 Bricks every third course.
block
Reinforcement for 200mm (8”) thick walls shall be 12mm
vertical bars at 600mm on center and 12mm horizontal
2.06 Plaster block
bars every third course.
tile
All horizontal reinforcement shall be tied to the vertical
reinforcement at their intersections.
MASONRY
1. MORTARS AND Dowel bars should be placed into the piers, columns,
PLASTERS slabs, leaving 20 bar diameters exposed to splice with
1.01 Cement mortar
the reinforcement of the hollow blocks.
1.02 Plaster
and their uses Block cells with reinforcement are filled with cement
2. UNIT MASONRY mortar.
2.01 Definition
2.02 Stone Concrete hollow block walls should have a reinforced
2.03 Bricks concrete lintel or beam block course every twelfth
2.04 Concrete hollow course; and a concrete column stiffener at every 4.80
block
meters length.
2.06 Plaster block
tile
MASONRY
2.0 “DURISOL” BLOCKS
1. MORTARS AND
PLASTERS
“DURISOL” block is lightweight
1.01 Cement mortar
block made from fiber and
1.02 Plaster
cement.
and their uses
2. UNIT MASONRY “DURISOL” block units are
2.01 Definition two-core, 100mm (4”) or
2.02 Stone 150mm ( 6”) x 87mm (7-1/2”) x
2.03 Bricks 600mm (24”).
block
2.05 “Durisol” block Reinforcement shall be 10mm
2.06 Plaster block  vertical bars at 720mm (36”)
2.06 Structural clay on center and at every 4th
tile
course. Every 4th course
should be a beam block
course. Cores shall be solidly
filled with cement mortar.
MASONRY
2.06 PLASTER BLOCK
1. MORTARS AND
PLASTERS also known as gypsum partition blocks, are usually
1.01 Cement mortar made of gypsum, vegetable fibers as binders, and
1.02 Plaster reinforcement.
and their uses
used for lightweight, fire-resistant interior partitions and
2. UNIT MASONRY
2.01 Definition
for furring and fireproofing columns.
2.02 Stone
2.03 Bricks Gypsum hollow blocks are manufactured in units of
2.04 Concrete hollow 75mm (3”), 100mm (4”) or 150mm ( 6”) thicknesses, x
block 300mm (12”) height x 700mm (30”) length.
2.06 Plaster block
Gypsum solid block is manufactured only with a 50mm
tile (2”) thickness.
MASONRY
2.07 STRUCTURAL CLAY TILE
1. MORTARS AND Structural clay tile are hollow masonry units, open at two
PLASTERS
1.01 Cement mortar
ends with interior webs or partitions 19mm (¾”) to 25mm
1.02 Plaster (1”) dividing the block into longitudinal cells.
and their uses In its manufacture, the various shapes of clay tile are
2. UNIT MASONRY formed through special dies and then wire-cut into the
2.01 Definition
required lengths.
2.02 Stone
2.03 Bricks
It may have a smooth or scored (grooved) surface.
block Structural clay tile is classified into:
2.06 Plaster block Load-bearing wall tile. 300mm x
2.06 Structural clay 300mm x 300mm (12” x 12” x
tile
12”)
Non-load bearing, fireproofing,
partition, and furring tile.
100mm (4”) or 125mm (5”) x
200mm x 300mm
MASONRY
1 foot
1 foot
1 foot
END
MASONRY
BUILDING TECHNOLOGY 1 : DIV 04

Masonry: Building Technology 1: Div 04

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MASONRY

a proportioned mixture of siliceous materials (sand,

•Mortar made with fine sand requires a much larger

•Mortar may be mixed by hand or mechanical mixers,

•is a mortar of cementitious material ( lime, gypsum or

•For two-coat work, the base coat is ½” and the finish

Wythe or Tier – Each continuous,

Bond – That connection

Header Header – A brick or block

Blocking or Blocking Course – A

Stone commonly used for architectural purposes include:

They are commonly classified as:

STONEWORK: The types of stonework are based on the

b. Random work. Stones

c. Ashlar. Squared stones in regular courses, in

Fire (refractory) brick. These are ordinarily

Herringbone. The bricks are laid

1. MORTARS AND • Standard CHB sizes are

Beam or lintel blocks

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