THE FUNCTION OF BONES TO

OUR BODY
 What is bone?
• Bone is the substance that forms the skeleton
of the body. It’s composed chiefly of calcium
phosphate and calcium carbonate. It also
serves as a storage area for calcium, playing a
large role in calcium balance in the blood.
 TYPES OF BONES
1. Long bones
These are mostly compacted bone with
little marrow and include most of the bones
in the limbs. These bones tend to support
weight and help movement.
The major bones of the arms (humerus,
radius, and ulna) and the legs ( the femur,
tibia, and fibula) are all long long bones.
2. Short Bones
Only a thin layer of compact bone. It’s have
little movement but provide to support and
stability for your body.
The short bones include all of the metacarpals
and phalanges in the hands, and the
metatarsals and phalanges in the feet.
3. Flat Bones
Usually bones that are thin and curved. They
consist of two outer layers of compact bone
and an inner layer of spongy bone. Flat bones
include most of the bones of the skull and the
sternum or breastbone. They tend to have a
protective role.
4. Sesamoid Bones
These are embedded in tendons, such as the
patella or kneecap. They protect tendons from
wear and stress.
5. Irregular Bones
As their name implies, these are bones that
do not fit into the first four categories and are
an unusual shape. They include the bones of
the spine and pelvis. They are often protecting
organs or tissues.
The function of bones can be classified
into three categories
1. Mechanical Functions of bones:

Protection:
At numerous places inside the body, bones serve to protect important and delicate
organs. The examples is brain (which is protected by the skull) and heart (which is
protected by the ribcage).

Shape:
Because of their rigid nature, bones provide a framework around which the body is
built. So bones are responsible for the shape and form of human body.

Movement:
Working with skeletal muscles, tendons, ligaments and joints, the bones form the
moving machinery of human body. The major role of bones in movement is that
they act as levers, which make use of the forces generated by skeletal muscles in a
beneficial way.
2. Synthetic Functions of Bones:

Synthesis of blood cells:

The major synthetic role of bones is to produce blood
cells. The bones themselves are not capable of doing
this. Instead, they house the bone marrow, which
contains Hematopoietic stem cells, capable of
producing blood cells. In infants, bone marrow of all
long bones is capable of this synthesis, however, as a
person gets older, the red marrow turns into yellow
fatty marrow, which is no more capable of
hematopoiesis. The red marrow in adults and older
individuals is restricted to vertebrae and heads of tibia
and femur.
3. Metabolic Functions of Bones:

Mineral Storage:
Bones serve as an important store house of
minerals such as calcium and phosphorus.

Fat storage:
The yellow bone marrow of long bones act as a
storage of fats.

Role in acid-base balance:

Bone buffers the blood against excessive pH
changes by absorbing or releasing alkaline salts
SKULL BONE
 WHAT IS SKULL BONE?
The skull is a bone structure that forms the
head in most vertebrates. It supports the
structures of the face and provides a
protective cavity for the brain.
 The general function of skull bone
The main function the skull is to protect the brain. The brain is main
control center of the body, it is a complex and fragile organ. The
hard, bony cranium surrounds the brain to shield it from damage.

The skull also holds in the fluids that allow our brain to function. Those
fluids purpose as "cushion," because we don't want our soft brains
knocking against the inside of our hard heads

The skull is to give our face its shape. Our eyes need to be a certain
distance apart to enable binocular vision; our ears need to be in
specific places to hearing; and our faces need anchors for dozens of
muscles to allow us to make facial expressions
 Parts of skull bone
• The skull consists of two parts:
1. Neurocranium
2. Viscerocranium
 Neurocranium
The neurocranium forms the cranial cavity
that surrounds and protects the brain and
brainstem. The neurocranium is formed from
the occipital bone, two temporal bones, two
parietal bones, the sphenoid, ethmoid and
frontal bones; they are all joined together
with sutures.
1. Occipital Bone
The occipital bone forms the base of the skull
at the rear of the cranium. It articulates with
the first vertebra of the spinal cord and also
contains the foramen magnum. The occipital
bone borders the parietal bones through the
heavily serrated lambdoidal suture, and also
the temporal bones through occipitomastoid
suture.
The function of occipital bone
The occipital bone is a cranial bone that helps
protect the brain. It is a curved bone at the
back of the skull that has a hole called the
foramen magnum. This channel allows the
medulla oblongata to connect to the vertebral
canal. It also has other nerves and ligaments
that help connect the brain to the spine, and it
allows the head to rotate.
2. Temporal bones
The temporal bones are situated at the base
and sides of the skull, lateral to the temporal
lobes of the brain. The temporal bones consist
of four regions the squamous, mastoid,
petrous and tympanic regions.
The function of temporal bones
- surrounds and protects the sense organs in the
internal ear

- serve as attachment sites for muscles that

close the jaws and move the head
3. Parietal bones
The two parietal bones are connected and
make up part of the roof and sides of the
human skull
The function of parietal bones
The parietal bones provide mechanical
protection of the brain and support of the
face, which is a function they perform in
conjunction with other bones of the skull.
4. Sphenoid Bone
The sphenoid bone is one of the eight bones
that make up the cranium the superior aspect
of the skull that encloses and protects the
brain. The sphenoid bone is said to be shaped
like a butterfly or a wasp, which occupies most
of the middle part of the skull’s base, making
up the middle region of the cranial fossa.
The function of sphenoid bone
The sphenoid bone is important anatomical
structures and also it is a perfect junction for
attachment of muscles which help in chewing
food.
5. Ethmoid Bone
The ethmoid bone is a small bone in the skull
that separates the nasal cavity from the brain.
It is lightweight due to its spongy, air-filled
construction and is located at the roof of the
nose and between the two orbits.
The function of ethmoid bone
the main functions are the protection of vital
organs in the region and support of the nose
and orbits ( eye sockets)
5. Frontal bone
The frontal bone is a bone of the skull found
in the forehead region.
The function of frontal bone
The frontal bone plays a vital role in
supporting and protecting the delicate
nervous tissue of the brain. It gives shape to
the skull and supports several muscles of the
head.
 Viserocranium
The viscerocranium bones form the anterior and
lower regions of the skull and include the
mandible, which attaches through the only
truly motile joint found in the skull. The facial
skeleton contains the vomer, two nasal
conchae, two nasal bones, two maxilla, the
mandible, two palatine bones, two zygomatic
bones, and two lacrimal bones.
1. Zygomatic Bones
The zygomatic bones are also known as the
cheek bone because they form the
prominent part of the cheeks (on both sides
of the front of the face). The zygomatic bones
also form part of the orbits ("eye sockets").
The function of zygomatic Bones
To help form the lateral walls and floors of the
orbits (eye).
2. Lacrimal Bones
The lacrimal bones are located in the medial
wall of the eye socket and this bones are
smallest bones of the face
The function of lacrimal Bones
the main function of the lacrimal bones are
forming part of the orbit/ eye socket
3. Nasal bones
There are two nasal bones among the facial
bones of the head. They are a pair of small
oblong bones that form the bridge and roof of
the nose.
The function of nasal Bones
the main function of nasal bones are keeping
open of the nasal cavities (for air-flow to the
lungs) and holding in place parts of the
vascular system (blood vessels through the
face) and nervous system (nerves in the face).
4. Maxilla bones
The maxilla bones fuse in the midline and form
the upper jaw.
The function of maxilla Bones
the function of the maxilla bones are to provide
protection of the face, support of the orbits,
hold the top half of the teeth in place and
form the floor of the nose
5. Mandible bone
The mandible is commonly known as the lower
jaw bone, and also forms the chin and sides of
the face. It is the largest and strongest of all
the facial bones.
The function of mandible Bone
the function of mandible bone is support of
the lower part of the face and holding the
bottom half of the teeth in place
6. Vomer bone
The vomer is a thin roughly triangular plate of
bone on the floor of the nasal cavity and part
of the nasal septum.
The function of vomer Bone
the function of vomer bone is separates the
nasal cavities into left and right sides.