Lecture 03: Introduction CS 101: Introduction to Computing

Computer Languages
• Three types of programming languages
1. Machine languages
• Strings of numbers giving machine specific instructions
• Example:
10001010
00100010
11100011

2. Assembly languages
• English-like abbreviations representing elementary
computer operations (translated via assemblers)
• Example:
LOAD BASEPAY
ADD OVERPAY
STORE GROSSPAY

Ghulam Ishaq Khan Institute of Engineering Sciences and Technology, Topi

Lecture 03: Introduction CS 101: Introduction to Computing

Computer Languages

1. High-level languages
• Similar to everyday English, use mathematical notations
(translated via compilers)
• Example:
grossPay = basePay + overTimePay

• C/C++ is a High-level language.

Ghulam Ishaq Khan Institute of Engineering Sciences and Technology, Topi

Lecture 03: Introduction CS 101: Introduction to Computing

Types of Computing
• Personal computers
– First PC introduced by IBM in 1981
– Economical enough for individual
• Distributed computing
– Computing distributed over networks
– Often used LANs
– PCs were powerful enough to
• handle the computing requirements of individual users
• handle the basic communication tasks/information passing between the PCs
electronically
• Client/server computing
– Sharing of information across computer networks between file servers
and clients (personal computers)

Ghulam Ishaq Khan Institute of Engineering Sciences and Technology, Topi

Lecture 03: Introduction CS 101: Introduction to Computing

Types of Computing
• Parallel Computing
– Used to solve large and complex problems
– Goal?
• Divide problem into sub-problems
• Use multiple processors to solve each of the
individual problem
• Combine the results of the individual sub-problem
to generate the solution of the original complex
problem

Ghulam Ishaq Khan Institute of Engineering Sciences and Technology, Topi

Lecture 03: Introduction CS 101: Introduction to Computing

Computer Hardware

Ghulam Ishaq Khan Institute of Engineering Sciences and Technology, Topi

Lecture 03: Introduction CS 101: Introduction to Computing

Computer Chips (-1-)

• Most electronic components inside a computer are

integrated circuits
– Thin slices of silicon crystal packed with microscopic circuit
elements
• Semiconducting materials are
used to fabricate a chip
• Types of chips:
– DIPs; DIMMs; PGAs;
SEC cartridge
• *The motherboard houses all essential chips and
provides connecting circuitry between them

Ghulam Ishaq Khan Institute of Engineering Sciences and Technology, Topi

Lecture 03: Introduction CS 101: Introduction to Computing

Computer Chips (-2-)

Dual
Dual In-line
In-line Memory
Package Module
(DIP) (DIMM)

Pin Single
Grid Edge
Array Contact
(PGA) (SEC)

Ghulam Ishaq Khan Institute of Engineering Sciences and Technology, Topi

Lecture 03: Introduction CS 101: Introduction to Computing

Microprocessor

• An integrated circuit designed to process instructions -

CPU on a chip

• The CPU has two parts

– ALU (arithmetic logic unit)
• Performs arithmetic operations
• Performs logical operations
• Uses registers to hold data being
processed
– Control Unit
• Directs and coordinates processing

Ghulam Ishaq Khan Institute of Engineering Sciences and Technology, Topi