MobileComm Professionals, Inc.

Protection & Restoration of

Optical Networks
 MobileComm Professionals, Inc.

Terminology
• Protection
– Uses pre-assigned capacity to ensure survivability
• Restoration
– Reroutes the affected traffic after failure occurrence by
using available capacity
• Survivability
– Property of a network to be resilient to failures
Classification of Schemes
MobileComm Professionals, Inc.
 MobileComm Professionals, Inc.

Reactive / Proactive
• Reactive
– When an existing lightpath fails, a search is initiated to find a new
lightpath which does not use the failed components. (After the
failure happens)
– It cannot guarantee successful recovery,
– Longer restoration time

• Proactive
– Backup lightpaths are identified and resources are reserved along
the backup lightpaths at the time of establishing the primary
lightpath itself.
– 100% restoration guarantee
– Faster recovery
 MobileComm Professionals, Inc.

Link Based vs. Path Based

• Link-based • Path-based
– Shorter restoration time – longer restoration time
– Less efficient. – More efficient.
– Can only fix link failures
 Dedicated vs. Multiplexed MobileComm Professionals, Inc.

Backup

• Dedicated backup • Backup multiplexing

– More robust – Less robust
– Less efficient. – More efficient.
 MobileComm Professionals, Inc.

Primary Backup MUX

• Wavelength channel to be shared by a primary and
one or more backup paths
 Resilience in Optical Networks MobileComm Professionals, Inc.

• Linear Systems
– 1+1 protection
– 1:1 protection
– 1:N protection
• Ring-based
– UPSR: Uni-directional Path Switched Rings
– BLSR: Bi-directional Line Switched Rings
• Mesh-based
– Optical mesh networks connected by optical cross-connects
(OXCs) or optical add/drop multiplexers (OADMs)
– Link-based/path-based protection/restoration
• Hybrid Mesh Rings
– Physical: mesh
– Logical: ring
 Unidirectional WDM Path MobileComm Professionals, Inc.

Protected Rings
• 1+1 wavelength path selection
• Signal bridged on both protection and working fiber.
• Receiver chooses the better signal.
• Failure:
– Destination switches to the operational link.
– Revertive /Non revertive switching
– No signaling required.
 MobileComm Professionals, Inc.

Bidirectional Line switched Ring

• Shares protection capacity among all the spans on
the ring
• Link failure
– Working traffic from 1 fiber looped back onto opposite
direction.
– Signaling protocol required
• Node failure
– Line switching performed at both sides of the failed node.
 MobileComm Professionals, Inc.

2-Fiber WDM Ring

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BLSR - 4 Fiber
• Fibers
– 2 working
– 2 protection
• Protection fiber: no traffic unless failure.
• Link Failure.
– APS channel required to coordinate the switching
at both ends of a failure.
 MobileComm Professionals, Inc.

4-Fiber WDM Ring.

4-Fiber WDM Ring MobileComm Professionals, Inc.

After a Link Failure

 4-Fiber WDM Ring MobileComm Professionals, Inc.

After a Node Failure

 Path Layer Mesh Protection MobileComm Professionals, Inc.

• Protect Mesh as a single unit

• Pre-computed routes
– 1+1 path protection
– Protection route per light path
– Protection route per failure.
• On the fly route computation.
– Centralized route computation and coordination
– Route computation and coordination at end nodes.
– Distributed route computation at path ends.
• Decompose into protection domains.
• Pure rings
• P cycles
 MobileComm Professionals, Inc.

Mesh Topologies
• Fibers organized in protection cycles.
– Computed offline
• 4 fibers of each link is terminated by 4 2X2
protection switches
• Before link failure, switches in normal position.
• After failure, switches moved to protection state and
traffic looped back into the protection cycles.
 MobileComm Professionals, Inc.

2X2 Switch
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Protection Cycles (cont’d)

• Criterion for protection cycles.
– Recovery from a single link failure in any optical
network with arbitrary topology and bi-directional
fiber links
• All protection fibers are used exactly once.
• In any directed cycle both protection fibers in a pair are
not used unless they are in a bridge
 MobileComm Professionals, Inc.

Protection Cycles
 MobileComm Professionals, Inc.

Protection Cycles (cont’d)

Network With Default Protection
MobileComm Professionals, Inc.

Switching
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Network After a Link Failure

 MobileComm Professionals, Inc.

P –cycles
• Ring like restoration needed for some client
signals.
• Mesh topologies: bandwidth efficient.
• P –cycles:Ring like speeds, Mesh like capacity.
• Addresses the speed limitation of mesh
restoration.
 MobileComm Professionals, Inc.

P –cycles (cont’d)
• Cycle oriented pre configuration of spare capacity.
• Can offer up to 2 restoration paths for a failure
scenario.
• Span Failure
– On cycle: similar to BLSR
– Off the cycle: 2 paths.
• Time needed for calculating and connecting
restoration path is needed in non-real time.
P - cycles MobileComm Professionals, Inc.
 MobileComm Professionals, Inc.

WDM Recovery
• Fiber based restoration
– Entire traffic carried by a fiber is backed by another fiber.
– Bi-directional connection - 4 fibers.
• WDM based recovery
– Protection for each wavelength.
– Bi-directional connection - 2 fibers
– Allows flexibility in planning the configuration of the
network.
– Recovery procedure similar to BLSR.
 MobileComm Professionals, Inc.

Resilience in Multilayer Networks

• Why resilience in multilayer networks?
– Avoid contention between different single-layer
recovery schemes.
– Promote cooperation and sharing of spare
capacity
PANEL: Protection Across Network
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Layers
 PANEL Guidelines MobileComm Professionals, Inc.

• Recovery in the highest layer is recommended when:

– Multiple reliability grades need to be provided with fine granularity
– Recovery inter-working cannot be implemented
– Survivability schemes in the highest layer are more mature than in the
lowest layer
• Recovery in the lowest layer is recommended when:
– The number of entities to recover has to be limited/reduced
– The lowest layer supports multiple client layers and it is appropriate to
provide survivability to all services in a homogeneous way
– Survivability schemes in the lowest layer are more mature than in the
highest layer
– It is difficult to ensure the physical diversity of working and backup paths
in the higher layer
 MobileComm Professionals, Inc.

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