Internet

Protocol

By: Muhammad
Hanif
 Goals….
Many people fail in life, not for lack
of ability or brains or even courage
but simply because they have never
organized their energies around a
goal.
‐ Elbert Hubbard
It's
how you deal with failure that
determines how you achieve success.
‐ David Feherty
Network layer in an
internetwork
Network Layer
Source
◦ Creating a packet from the Segments.
 The header contains source and destination IP
addresses.
◦ Checking the routing table to find the path.
◦ If the packet is larger than MTU, fragment it.
Router
◦ Routing the packet by consulting the routing
table for each incoming packet and find the
path that the packet must be sent to.
Destination
◦ Address verification.
◦ Removing the Packets header from the
packets and pass it to Transport layer.
IPV4

The Internet Protocol version 4 (IPv4) is the

delivery mechanism used by the TCP/IP
protocols.
Position of IPv4 in TCP/IP
protocol suite
IPv4 datagram format
IPv4 Header
Variablelength: 20-60 byte
Contains routing information
IPv4 Format
 Version (4-bit): currently 4.
 Header length (4-bit): the length of the IP header in
4-byte unit.
 Type of Services(TOS): Use for Quality of Service
◦ Minimize delay, Maximize reliability, throughput,
 Total length
◦ to defines the total length of the datagram including
the header in bytes.
◦ 16-bit number, the maximum IP size is limited to 216
bytes, or 64 Kbytes.
IPv4 Format
Identification
◦ A source node gives a unique ID to each
packet.
Time to Live (TTL)
◦ A packet has a limited lifetime in the
network to avoid deadly packets.
◦ Designed to hold a timestamp, and
decreased by each router. A packet is
discarded by a router if TTL is zero.
Protocol
◦ What other protocols are in payload
IPv4 Format
Header checksum
◦ The checksum is use for error
detection.
Source IP address and Destination
IP address
Options
◦ For new protocols
Padding
◦ To make the header a multiple of 32-
bit words
Fragmentation
A IP packet can travel through many different
networks using different Layer 2 (Data Link
layers).
 The source node has no idea of the path and
data link layer its packets will travel.
 MTU
◦ Each Data Link layer has its own frame format and
limitation.
◦ One of such limitation is the maximum size of the
frame, which is imposed by software, hardware,
performance, and standards.
MTUs for some networks
Fragmentation of IP
 The source node usually does not
fragment the packet. Instead, Layer 4
will segment the data into a size that can
fit into Layer 3 and Layer 2 of the source.
 But, there is a possibility that a packet
travel through a link whose MTU is
smaller than one of the source node.
◦ Then, the packet must be fragmented to go
forward the next hop.
◦ Each fragment has its own header mostly
repeated from the original packet.
◦ A fragmented packet can be further
fragmented into even smaller packet.
◦ Fragmented packets will be re-assembled at
the final destination.
Fields for Fragmentation
Identification
◦ The source host generates the unique ID
Flags (3-bits)
◦ Unused bit
◦ DF bit (Don’t Fragment)
 1 – force the router not to fragment the packet. If the packet
length is greater than the MTU, the router will discard the
packet and send an error message to the source
◦ MF bit (More Fragment)
 1 – tell the destination whether or not more fragments
follow
Offset (13-bits)
◦ Allows a receiver to determine the place of a
particular fragment in the original IP
datagram, measured in units of 8-byte blocks.
Header Checksum
Used for error checking of the
header.
At each hop, the checksum of the
header is compared to the value of
this field. If a header checksum is
found to be mismatched, the
packet is discarded.
IP Addresses:
Classful
Addressing

BS IT BS CS
By: Muhammad
Hanif
 Remember …..
“The more you understand
the less you have to
remember.”
Craig A. McCraw

“Develop a passion for

learning. If you do, you’ll
never cease to grow.”
Anthony J. D’Angelo
Addressing
IP Addresses:
Classful
Addressing
Lecture overview
IPv4 (IP version 4) Addressing
For efficient routing, IP
addresses are organized in
Networks
◦ Classful addressing
◦ Subnetting
◦ Classless addressing
IP addressing basics
The Internet is used to “move” data
from host to host
All devices connected to the
Internet must have a globally
unique IP address
◦ No two devices can have the same public IP
address
◦ This address can be permanent or temporary
IPv4 addresses are 32 bits (= 4
octets) long
◦ This gives 2^32 ~ 4.29 billion addresses
Notation
IPv4 addresses can be written
using the following notation
◦ Binary
◦ Dotted Decimal
◦ Hexadecimal
Binary and Decimal
Exercise
120.120.1.98
11111110. 10011010.
00110110. 00000101
Solution
120.120.1.98
11111110. 10011010.
00110110. 00000101
01111000 .01111000 .
00000001. 01100010
254.154.54.5
Classful addressing
IP addresses were divided into
5 classes: A,B,C,D and E
◦ This is the original scheme known as
classful addressing
◦ From mid‐90’s, classless addressing is
introduced
◦ However, classful addressing is still
used
Finding the class in binary
notation
Exercises
1. Find the class of these IP
addresses:
◦ a) 11000001 10000011 00011011 11111111
◦ b) 10000001 10000011 00011011 11111111
2. How many class B addresses are
there altogether?
3. What is the range of class B
addresses? Answer this by giving
the first and last class B addresses
in dotted decimal notation.
Solution
1. a) First 3 bits are 110 ‐> Class C.
b) First 2 bits are 10 ‐> Class B.
2. Class B addresses: the first two bits
are 10 then followed by 30 bits of 1/0
2^30 addresses
3. The first and last class B addresses
in binary are:
◦ 10000000 00000000 00000000 00000000
◦ 10111111 11111111 11111111 11111111
In dotted decimal notation, they are:
◦ 128.0.0.0 and 191.255.255.255
Finding the class in decimal
notation
NetID and HostID
IPaddresses in classes A,B
and C are divided into Netid
and Hostid
◦ Netid: Identifying the network
◦ Hostid: Identifying a host within the
network
Hosts within a network
◦ Have the same netid
◦ But different hostid
NetID and HostID
Classes and blocks
Classes and blocks
Class A is divided into 128 blocks
◦ Each block has a different netid
◦ 1st block: 0.0.0.0 to 0.255.255.255 (netid = 0)
◦ 2nd block: 1.0.0.0 to 1.255.255.255 (netid = 1)
◦ Last block: 127.0.0.0 to 127.255.255.255
(netid = 127)
Network address: the first address
of the block
Blocks in class A
Blocks in class B
Blocks in class C
Use of addresses
Classes A, B and C addresses can
be assigned to hosts, router
ports etc
◦ They are also known as unicast addresses
Class D addresses are for
multicast
◦ Multicast: One sender, multiple
recipients
Class E addresses are reserved
for special purposes
Network addresses
The network address is the first
address in the block
The network address defines the
network to the rest of the Internet
◦ Routers route packets based on network
address
Given the network address, we can
find the class of the address and
the range of the address in the
block
IP Version 6
(IPv6)
By: Muhammad
Hanif
Challenges in Life….
Sharks and Fish
The Japanese have always loved
fresh fish. But the waters close to
Japan have not held many fish for
decades.
So to feed the Japanese population,
Fishing boats got bigger and went
farther than ever. The farther the
fishermen went, the longer it took
to bring in the fish. If the return trip
took more than a few days, the fish
were not fresh. The Japanese did
not like the taste.
To solve this problem: …………………..
Challenges in Life…
 Sharks and Fish………..
 To keep the fish tasting fresh, the Japanese fishing companies still put
the fish in the tanks.
But now they add a small shark to each tank. The shark eats a few
fish, but most of the fish arrive in a very lively state. The fish are
challenged.

 Have you realized that some of us are also living in a

pond but most of the time tired & dull, So we need a
Shark in our life to keep us awake and moving?
 Basically in our lives Sharks are new challenges to
keep us active and lively. Some times blessings come
in disguise!
Agenda
Why IPv6?
IPv6 History
IPv6 Addressing
IPv6 Datagram
Transition from IPv4 to IPv6
Motivations for IPv6
IPv4 addresses are running
out
IPv4 addresses are not enough
Encryption and authentication not
provided by IPv4
Conception of IPv6
Internet Protocol version 6
(RFC)
◦ Over 200 related RFCs
 IPv6 -RFC 2460
 IPv6 Neighbor Discovery –RFC 2461
 IPv6 Auto Configuration –RFC 2462
A new type of IP address
A new type of IP packet
What Happened to
IPv5?
0 IP March 1977 version (deprecated)
1 IP January 1978 version (deprecated)
2 IP February 1978 version A (deprecated)
3 IP February 1978 version B (deprecated)
4 IPv4 September 1981 version (current
widespread)
5 ST Stream Transport (not a new IP, little use)
6 IPv6 December 1998 version (formerly SIP, SIPP)
7 CATNIP IPng evaluation (formerly TP/IX;
deprecated)
8 Pip IPng evaluation (deprecated)
9 TUBA IPng evaluation (deprecated)
10‐15 unassigned

 SIP = Simple Internet Protocol

 SIPP = Simple Internet Protocol Plus
 CATNIP = Common Address Technology for Next‐Generation IP ,
 TP/IX = RFC 1475
 Pip = Paul’s IP? RFC 1621
 TUBA = TCP and UDP with Bigger Addresses , RFC 1347
 Deprecated = Express strong disapproval
What happened to IPv5
Version5 in IP header was
assigned to Streaming Protocol.
Experimental non-IP real-time
streaming protocol.
Never widely used
RFC 1819
Features of IPv6
Expanded address space: 128‐
bit address (32‐bit for IPv4)
Support for
◦ Real‐time service
◦ Mobile IP
◦ Security
◦ Note: Most of these services are added
onto IPv4 but IPv6 must support them
IPv6 addressing
128
bits means you can have
2^128 addresses, which is

340,282,366,920,938,463,463,37
4,607,431,768,211,456 = 340
trillion trillion trillion addresses
◦ This is approximately 3.4 x 10^38
◦ Compare with 4 x 10^9 IPv4 addresses,
IPv6 has 10^29 times more Addresses
◦ 67 billion billion addresses per cm2 of the
planet surface
 IPv6 address format
2001:0DA8:E800:0000:0260:3EFF:FE47:0001

8 groups of 4 hexadecimal digits

◦ Each group represents 16 bits
◦ Separator is “:”
IPv6 address format
2001:0DA8:E800:0000:0260:3EFF:FE47:0001

2001:DA8:E800:0:260:3EFF:FE47:1

2001:0DA8:E800:0000:0000:0000:0000:0001

2001:DA8:E800::1
IP Datagram
IPv4 Header
Header: from IPv4 to IPv6
Changed Removed
IPv6 Header Format
IPv6 header
IPv6 header is simpler than IPv4
◦ IPv4: 14 fields, variable length (20 bytes +)
◦ IPv6: 8 fields, fixed length (40 bytes)
Header fields eliminated in IPv6
◦ Header Length
◦ Identification
◦ Flag
◦ Fragmentation Offset
◦ Checksum
Header fields enhanced in IPv6
◦ Traffic Class
◦ Flow Label
IP V6 Header
Version –4 bits –Identifies the
version of IP protocol
0100 (4) for IPv4
0110 (6) for IPv6
IP V6 Header
Traffic Class –8 bits –Allows
originating nodes and/or routers to
distinguish between different
classes or priorities of IPv6 packets
QoS is an example implementation
IP V6 Header
Flow Label –20 bits –Used to
“label” a flow of traffic.
RFC 1809 “Using the Flow Label
Field in IPv6”
IP V6 Header
Payload Length –16 bits –Length
of the payload
Payload = 65536 bytes
IP V6 Header
Next Header –8 bits – Identifies
the type of header immediately
following the IPv6 header;
Identifies the “extension” header
immediately following
Packet may have zero, one, or
more extension headers
IP V6 Header
Hop Limit –8 bits –Maximum
number of hops IPv6 packet can be
forwarded.
◦ Similar to IPv4 TTL.
IP V6 Header
Source Address –128-bits
◦ versus IPv4 32-bit
Destination Address –128-bits
◦ versus IPv4 32-bit
 Tunnelling Mechanisms
How they work:
◦ Encapsulation of IPv6 packets within IPv4
packets and vice versa
◦ The tunnel's end point performs the
necessary operations on the protocol:
 Reconnection of fragmented packets
 Packet forwarding in the IPv6 network
◦ Nodes performing the encapsulation and
decapsulation operation have to be dual
stack
Transition Mechanisms
Dual Stacks
◦ IPv4/IPv6 coexistence on one device
Tunnels
◦ For tunneling IPv6 across IPv4 clouds
◦ Later, for tunneling IPv4 across IPv6
clouds
◦ IPv6 <‐> IPv6 and IPv4 <‐> IPv4
Translators
◦ IPv6 <‐> IPv4
 IPv6 transition
IPv6 tunnel over IPv4

IPv4
Network
IPv6 IPv6
tunnel

IPv4 Header IPv6 Header Data

IPv6 Header Data IPv6 Header Data

Tunneling
IPv6 packets goes through IPv4 network

IPv4packets goes through IPv6

network
Thank
 you