Presented by:

GROUP 8
 Basic definition of the following:
◦ Change
◦ Innovation
◦ Curriculum
◦ Growth
◦ Development
 Contexts of Curriculum Change
 Classification and forms of Change
 Strategies for Curriculum Change and Innovation
 Planning and Implementing Change and
Innovation
 Factors that influence curriculum change
 Teacher as an agent of Change
 The process of embracing the concepts of
innovation, development, renewal and
improvement of a curriculum (Hoyle, 1995)
◦ In the context of curriculum, change comes as a
result of changes in the economic, social, and
technological aspects of a society that occur within
a definite timeframe (University of Zimbabwe,
1995).
 A process not an event. (requires time,
energy and resources)
 Achieved incrementally and entails
development in skills using new programs/
strategies.
 Leads to improvement.
 Making it different in some way, to give it a
new position or direction. It often means
alteration to its philosophy because of its
aims and objectives, reviewing the content
that is included, revising the methods and re-
thinking its evaluatory procedures.
 The introduction of “something NEW” and as “new
idea, method or device” (Merriam Webster’s
Dictionary, 1995).
 An intentional and deliberate process to bring
out desired effects and change (Harris et al., UZ
1995).
 It is used to describe solutions to problems
which represent a change or departure from
current practice as opposed to progressive
improvements with an existing framework (Klaus,
1969).
 Any improvement that is deliberate, measurable,
and unlikely to occur freuently.
 Set of courses that comprise a given area or
specialty of study.
 Is the framework of content or an ingredient
that relate to a given area of study.
 Conjures up words such as format,
guidelines, content of "what to teach," and
"what the student needs to learn."
 As a body of related information that a
teacher needs to convey, but with latitude in
the strategies that you may use to convey the
information.
 Curriculum Innovation is defined as deliberate
actions aimed at improving learning environment
through a method of presenting materials to
students that involves human interaction, hands-
on activities and student feedack. (The annual
review of Applied Linguistics, 1998)
 Changes in curriculum may involve innvation, but
in general, change in terms of curriculum
involves adapting a new educational method and
not necessarily a method with human interaction.
 It shows the QUANTITY  The QUALITY of
growth
 The result can be  It is always positive as
POSITIVE or NEGATIVE it shows quality
improvement.
Development recognizes
education as an important
vehicle in achieving its
developmental goals and
Growth results to objectives. Therefore, it a
change which is must that a curriculum must
QUANTITATIVE in nature undergo change in reponse to
the changing landscape of the
country’s development.
 Occur when the central authority decides to
adopt a new idea.
 Usually made known through a circular.
 (search an example)
 The desire of authorities at various levels to
deliberately change established practices.
 To tackle existing problems
 Identify new problems
 Seek ways in dealing with those problems.
 Due to development of technology.
 Adaption on the use of computers/laptop in education
 Using online in lessons.
 Curriculum Change Curriculum Innovation

 Dictated by the  Ideas or practices that

changes in the are new and different
economic, social and from those that exist
technological aspects in the formal
of the society. prescribed curriculum.
 May occur in response  Always planned. (It is
to external events meaningful and
effective if they are
planned and
organized)
 Curriculum Change Curriculum Innovation

 Has magnitude,  Occurs when human

direction and takes
place within a definite
timeframe.
and material resources
are created, selected,
organized and is used
in areas where the
outcome is higher
than that of the goals
and objectives.
1. SOFTWARE – refer to those that have something
to do with the range of change in the content of
the curriculum itself.
 Scope and Sequence of the topics
 Activities that accompany the subject matter
 Changes that affect curriculum content in terms of
depth and breadth.
2. HARDWARE - pertains to changes made by
additions of facilities.
◦ Classrooms
◦ Laboratories, Equipments
◦ Books and other library materials
◦ Everything that supports software change.
1. SUBSTITUTION – the replacement of one
particular element of curriculum, be it a
process or product, with another one previously
in use.
 New curriculum guide (textbooks)
 New instructional plan
 New instructional materials
 Replacement of Teachers and Administrators
2. ALTERATION – pertains to change in current
curriculum structure rather than a replacement
of the whole:
 curriculum
 Course Plan
 Syllabus
 Instructional Plan
3.ADDITION – the introduction of a new element
without necessarily changing or removing existing
elements or components.
 This may include added features that may help enhance
the structure and content of the prescribed curriculum.
 Additional information to the topic/s.
4. RESTRUCTURING – requires rearrangement of the
curriculum structure/content that may give way to
certain change and innovation efforts.
 Resource sharing among group of schools/
institutions that may have common concerns and
issues as regards current curriculum
requirements.
 STRATEGIES –
 Participative Problem Solving Strategy – recognizes
the role of local initiative and efforts in curriculum
change and innovation.
 Focuses on the users of change and innovation including
their needs as well as how these needs are met and
satisfied
 The system identifies and diagnoses its own needs, finds
its own solution, tries out and evaluates the solution and
implements the solution if it is satisfactory.
 Needs identification and analysis which constitute basic
approaches.
 STRATEGIES –
 Planned linkage - Allows the use of what is called
“intermediate agencies” ( such as schools) that bring
together the users of the innovation. Linkages
among these users are established and they
themselves collaborate in planning on how such
innovation may be adopted.
 Linkage process is based on the link between the school
and the various specialized/ centralized agencies’ linkage
centers may be in the form of Professional Centers,
Resource Centers, ICT centers, etc (Hoyle, 1993)
 STRATEGIES –
 Coercive Strategies- the use of laws, decrees,
memoranda, circulars, orders and other similar/
related documents which authorities resort to in
dealing with the implementation of curriculum
change and innovation efforts.
 Works on the bases of power and coercion by those in
authority
 Change is accomplished through application of power
by those holding greater power enforcing compliance
by those who have lesser power.
 An already prepared curriculum, developed by the
government educational sectors.
 STRATEGIES –
 Open Input Strategies – sets of approaches to
curriculum change and innovation that make use of
ideas and resources from practically all forms or
kinds of sources, thus making this strategy
 Flexible
 Open
 Pragmatic
 MODELS–
 The Research, Development and Diffusion Model -
the processes of change are viewed as a rational
sequence of phases in which an innovation:

1. Invented or Discovered

2. Developed

3. Produced

4. Disseminated to the user

 MODELS–
 Problem Solving Model - Built around the user of
innovation and change.
Determine
the Problem

Search for
Innovation

Evaluate the
Trials

Implement
the
Innovation
 MODELS–
 Social Interaction Model

Determine
the Problem

Search for
Innovation

Evaluate the
Trials

Implement
the
Innovation
 MODELS–
 Problem Solving Model -stressing the importance
of interpersonal networks of information, opinion,
leadership and personal contact. It is based on the
following:

1. Awareness of innovation

2. Interest in the Innovation

3. Trial

4. Adoption for Permanent use

 MODELS–
 Social Interaction Model -stressing the importance
of interpersonal networks of information, opinion,
leadership and personal contact. It is based on the
following:

1. Awareness of innovation

2. Interest in the Innovation

3. Trial

4. Adoption for Permanent use

 Change Agent – includes the teachers, school
heads, local authorities.
 It is the agent that initiates innovative effort or a
curricular change.
 The Innovation - implementation of change.
Putting it in actual use or operation
 The USER SYSTEM – persons or group of people
at which the change or innovation effort is
directed.
 Time – a particular period of time used or spent
in implementing an innovation or change.
1. Identify a Problem 3. Select a particular
dissatisfaction/ a 2. Generate Possible and appropriate
need that requires Solution solution or
attention innovation

6. Review the 5. Evaluate the

4. Conduct a trial
evaluation proposed solution

7. If the innovation
8. Adopt the
has solved the
innovation or search
problem, implement
for another solution.
it on a wide scale