BIOLOGY

Chapter 41: pp. 755 - 776 10th Edition

Reproductive

Sylvia S. Mader
Systems
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© Rudy Kuiter/OSF/Animals Animals/Earth Scenes

PowerPoint® Lecture Slides are prepared by Dr. Isaac Barjis, Biology Instructor 1
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Outline
 How Animals Reproduce
 Asexual Reproduction
 Sexual Reproduction
 Life History Strategies
 Male Reproductive System
 Female Reproductive System
 Control of Reproduction
 Sexually Transmitted Diseases
2
Asexual Reproduction

 Some animals usually reproduce asexually,

but practice sexual reproduction on
occasion
 Hydra
 Parthenogenesis
 Modification of sexual reproduction
 Unfertilized egg develops into complete
individual

3
Reproduction in Hydra
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

budding of
new polyp

parental
polyp

© Dr. Dennis Kunkel/Visuals Unlimited

4
Sexual Reproduction

 Egg of one parent fertilized by sperm of

another
 Animals usually produce gametes in
specialized organs called gonads
 Testes produce sperm
 Ovaries produce eggs

 Copulation is sexual union to facilitate

reception of sperm

5
Reproduction in Anemonefish
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

© Kelvin Aitken/Peter Arnold, Inc.

6
Parenting in Birds
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© Anthony Mercieca/Photo Researchers, Inc.

7
Damselflies Mating on Land
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male grasps female

female curls tail

© Herbert Kehrer/zefa/Corbis

8
Life History Strategies

 Insect eggs produced in ovaries

 Yolk is stored food to be used during
development
 Some form pupa and go through
metamorphosis
 Many aquatic animals have a larval stage
 Utilize different food source than adults

9
Life History Strategies

 Reptiles and birds provide eggs with

plentiful yolk
 Development takes place in shelled egg
containing extra-embryonic membrane
 Parents often tend eggs and young

 Mammals are viviparous (Live-born)

 Care of zygote and embryo
 Placental mammals eliminate need for shelled
egg

10
Male Reproductive System

 Male gonads
 Paired testes suspended in scrotum
 Sperm
 Produced by testes
 Mature within epididymides

 Propelled into vas deferentia by muscular

contractions

11
Male Reproductive System
 Penis is cylindrical organ hanging in front of
scrotum
 Three cylindrical columns of spongy, erectile tissue
 Blood flow stiffens penis and increases its size
 Seminal fluid contains
 Sperm
 Secretions from
 Seminal vesicles
 Prostate gland, and
 Bulbourethral gland

12
The Male Reproductive System
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urinary bladder
ureter (cut)
seminal vesicle
pubic bone ejaculatory duct
prostate gland
vas deferens
bulbourethral gland

erectile tissue
of penis
ureter
urinary bladder
urethra
seminal vesicle
penis anus prostate gland
vas deferens
bulbourethral
glans penis epididymis gland
foreskin
testis vas deferens

scrotum

urethra

13
Penis Anatomy

Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

dorsal vein
dorsal artery
dorsal nerve

skin
septum

erectile
tissue
connective
layers
skin

erectile tissue foreskin urethra

glans penis
connective
external urethral tissue
a. opening b.

14
Ejaculation
 Emission - First phase of ejaculation
 Nerve impulses sent to epididymides and vasa
deferentia
 Sperm enter ejaculatory duct
 Secretions released

 Expulsion
 Rhythmical muscle contractions
 Expel semen in spurts from opening of urethra
 Contractions are part of male orgasm

15
Testes and Sperm
 Testes contain one to three coiled
seminiferous tubules
 Mature sperm have three distinct pieces
 Head
 Acrosome

 Mid-piece
 Tail
 Normal human ejaculate contains several
hundred million sperm

16
Testis and Sperm
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

vas deferens

epididymis

interstitial cells Sertoli cell

uncoiled
seminiferous
tubule
lobule

testis

scrotal sac

100 µm
b. Seminiferous tubules
a. Testis, cut to show lobules
MITOSIS MEIOSIS I MEIOSIS II
acrosome
spermatogonium primary secondary early late immature sperm
(diploid) spermatocyte spermatocyte spermatid spermatid (haploid) head
(diploid) (haploid) (haploid) (haploid)
middle piece

tail

nucleus of
Sertoli cell
end piece

c. Spermatogenesis d. Sperm
b: © Ed Reschke

17
Hormonal Regulation in Males
 Hypothalamus has ultimate control of
testicular sexual function
 Gonadotropic Hormones
 Follicle Stimulating Hormone
 Promotes spermatogenesis
 Occurs in seminiferous tubules

 Lutenizing Hormone
 Control production of testosterone
 Testosterone produced by interstitial cells of testis

18
Animation

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Hormonal Control of Testes
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

hypothalamus

-
GnRH
-

anterior
pituitary
-
-

FSH
LH
+
+
Seminiferous
Interstitial tubules
cells testis
produce
produce sperm
testosterone. plus inhibin.

20
Female Reproductive System

 Ovulation
 An oocyte (egg) bursts from an ovary into
coelom
 Swept into oviduct by currents in coelomic fluid

 Fertilization normally occurs in oviduct

 Ciliary movement moves zygote to uterus

 Embryo embeds in uterine lining

(endometrium)

21
Female Reproductive System
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

mons
pubis
glans
clitoris
urethra
labia
oviduct majora
ovary vagina
fimbriae
labia
minora
anus
uterus

b.
urinary bladder cervix
pubic bone rectum
urethra vagina

glans clitoris

labium minora anus

labium majora
vaginal orifice

a.

22
Female Reproductive System

 External genital organs are collectively

known as the vulva

 Mons pubis and labia minora and labia majora

are on either side of urethral and vaginal
openings

 Clitoris has a shaft of erectile tissue and is

capped by pea-shaped glans

23
Ovarian Cycle
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

2. The secondary follicle contains

a secondary oocyte.
3. Vesicular (Graafian)
follicle develops.
secondary
follicle
vesicular (Graafian) follicle
primary
follicles secondary
oocyte
1. A primary follicle contains
a primary oocyte.

Ovarian cycle

6. Corpus luteum 4. Ovulation: Oocyte

degenerates. is released.

corpus
5. Corpus luteum develops. oocyte
luteum
a.

first polar second polar

body body sperm

Sperm enters, and

MEIOSIS I MEIOSIS II meiosis II goes
to completion.
primary oocyte secondary oocyte egg
(46 chromosomes) (23 chromosomes)

© Ed Reschke/Peter Arnold, Inc.

b.

24
Ovaries

 Ovaries release ova and produce estrogen

and progesterone
 Ovarian Cycle
 Ovulation
 Release of secondary oocyte from a vesicular
follicle
 Follicle develops in corpus luteum

 Degenerates if no pregnancy

25
Animation

Please note that due to differing

operating systems, some animations
will not appear until the presentation is
viewed in Presentation Mode (Slide
Show view). You may see blank slides
in the “Normal” or “Slide Sorter” views.
All animations will appear after viewing
in Presentation Mode and playing each
animation. Most animations will require
the latest version of the Flash Player,
which is available at
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Ovarian Cycle

 Follicular Phase
 FSH promotes development of follicle
 Follicle then secretes estrogens

 Luteal Phase
 LH promotes development of corpus luteum
 Corpus luteum then secretes progesterone

27
Hormonal Control of Ovaries
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

hypothalamus

-/+ GnRH
-

anterior
pituitary -

-/+

FSH
follicle +

LH
+

corpus oocyte
luteum
estrogen progesterone

28
Uterine Cycle
 Sex hormones produced in ovarian cycle affect
endometrium
 Days 1-5:
 Endometrium disintegrates
 Menses pass out vagina during menstruation

 Days 6-13:
 Endometrium thickens
 Ovulation usually occurs on 14th day

 Days 15-28:
 Endometrium doubles in thickness

29
Female Hormone Levels During
the Ovarian and Uterine Cycles
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

Anterior pituitary
Hormone
Levels

FSH LH

Ovarian cycle
Ovarian
Events

developing follicles mature follicle Ovulation corpus luteum

Follicular Phase Luteal Phase

estrogen
Hormone
Levels

progesterone

Uterine cycle
Endometrium

Menstruation Proliferative Phase Secretory Phase

Days 1 3 5 7 9 11 13 15 17 19 21 23 25 27 30

30
Ovarian and Uterine Cycle

31
Placenta

 Originates from both maternal and

embryonic tissues
 Produces
 Human chorionic gonadotropin (HCG)
 Maintains the corpus luteum until the placenta
begins its own hormone production

32
Female Breast
 Each breast contains between 15 and 24
lobules, each with its own mammary duct
 Lactation caused by prolactin
 Colostrum produced until milk production begins
 Milk production begins a few days after delivery of
a baby
 After skin cancer, breast cancer is the most
common type of cancer
 Should regularly check their breasts for lumps
 Have mammograms (X-ray photographs)

33
Anatomy of the Breast
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

lobule containing alveoli

mammary duct

nipple

areola

34
Control of Reproduction

 Birth Control Methods

 The most reliable method of birth control is
abstinence:
 Contraceptive Injections
 Morning-After Pills
 These regimens either prevent fertilization or
stop a fertilized egg from implanting.

35
Control of Reproduction

 Mifepristone, also known as RU-486,

causes the loss of an implanted embryo:
 It blocks the progesterone receptors of the
endometrial cells.
 Without functioning receptors for progesterone,
the uterine lining sloughs off carrying the
embryo with it.
 Taken in conjunction with a prostaglandin to
induce uterine contractions, it is 95% effective.

36
Various Birth Control Devices
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

a. Intrauterine device placement Intrauterine devices b. Hormone skin patch c. Depo-Provera

(a progesterone injection)

uterus

cervix

female
condom

d. Diaphragm and spermicidal jelly e. Female condom Female condom placement

f. Male condom placement Male condom g. Implant h. Oral contraception (birth control pills)
a: © Saturn Stills/Photo Researchers, Inc.; b: © Michael Keller/Corbis; c: © LADA/Photo Researchers, Inc.;
d: © SIU/Visuals Unlimited; e: © Keith Brofsky/Getty Images; f: © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc./Lars A. Niki, photographer;
g: © Phanie/Photo Researchers, Inc.; h: © Getty Images

37
Infertility
 Common Causes of Infertility
 Females - Endometriosis
 Males - Low Sperm Count

 Assisted Reproductive Technologies

 Artificial Insemination by Donor (AID)
 In Vitro Fertilization (IVF)
 Gamete Intrafallopian Transfer (GIFT)
 Intracytoplasmic Sperm Injection (ICSI)

38
Preimplantation Genetic Diagnosis
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

Woman is heterozygous oocyte

Polar body
has
genetic
8-cell embryo Embryonic cell defect.
is removed.
Oocyte is genetically healthy.
egg nucleus

sperm nucleus
Cell is genetically
healthy.

Embryo develops
normally in uterus.
Embryo develops
normally in uterus.

a. Testing the embryo. b. Testing the oocyte.

a, b: © Brand X/SuperStock RF

39
Sexually Transmitted Diseases

 AIDS
 Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV)
 Attacks helper T cells
 Transmitted by sexual contact
 No Cure

 Genital Warts
 Human Papillomaviruses (HPV’s)
 No cure, but can be treated effectively

40
HIV, the AIDS Virus
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

© Scott Camazine/Photo Researchers, Inc.

41
Sexually Transmitted Diseases

 Genital Herpes
 Simplex Virus
 Type I - Cold sores and fever blisters
 Type II - Ulcerations on genitals

 Hepatitis
 A - Sewage-contaminated drinking water
 B - Sexual contact
 C - Post-transfusion

42
Genital Warts
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

450

360
Thousands of Cases

270

180

90

0
1966 1972 1978 1984 1990 1996 2002
Year
© CDC/Peter Arnold, Inc.

43
Genital Herpes
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400

320
Thousands of Cases

240

160

80

0
1966 1972 1978 1984 1990 1996 2002
Year
© G. W. Willis/Visuals Unlimited

44
Sexually Transmitted Diseases

 Chlamydia
 Chlamydia trachomatis

 Gonorrhea
 Neisseria gonorrhoeae

 Syphilis
 Treponema pallidum

45
Gonorrhea
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500
Thousands of Cases

400

300

200

100

0
1945 1955 1965 1975 1985 1995 2005
Year
© CNR/SPL/Photo Researchers, Inc.

46
Syphilis
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

a. b.

c. a: © Carroll Weiss/Camera M.D.; b: © Centers for Disease Control and Prevention;

c: © Science VU/Visuals Unlimited;

47
Review

 How Animals Reproduce

 Asexual Reproduction
 Sexual Reproduction
 Life History Strategies
 Male Reproductive System
 Female Reproductive System
 Control of Reproduction
 Sexually Transmitted Diseases
48
 BIOLOGY
Chapter 41: pp. 755 - 776 10th Edition

Reproductive

Sylvia S. Mader
Systems
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

© Rudy Kuiter/OSF/Animals Animals/Earth Scenes

PowerPoint® Lecture Slides are prepared by Dr. Isaac Barjis, Biology Instructor 49
Copyright © The McGraw Hill Companies Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display