PRESENTATION, ANALYSIS

AND INTERPRETATION OF
DATA
 PRESENTATION
O Is the process of organizing data into logical,
sequential and meaningful categories and
classifications to make them amenable to
study and interpretation.
Three Ways of Presenting Data
Textual
O Statements with numerals or numbers that
serve as supplements to tabular presentation.
Tabular
O A systematic arrangement of related idea in
which classes of numerical facts or data are
given each row and their subclasses are given
each a column in order to present the
relationships of the sets or numerical facts or
data in a definite, compact and
understandable form.
Two General Rules Regarding
the Independence of Tables
and Text
1. The table should be so constructed that it
enables the reader to comprehend the data
presented without referring to the text;
2. The text should be so written that it allows
the reader to understand the argument
presented without referring to the table.
(Campbell, Ballou and Slade, 1990)
Graphical
O A chart representing the quantitative
variations or changes of variables in pictorial
or diagrammatic form.
Types of Graphs and Charts
1. Bar graphs
2. Linear graphs
3. Pie graphs
4. Pictograms
5. Statistical maps
6. Ratio charts
 ANALYSIS

O A separation of a whole into its constituent

parts. (Merriam Webster, 2012)

O The process of breaking up the whole study

into its constituent parts of categories
according to the specific questions under
the statement of the problem. (Calderon,
1993)
 Two Ways of Data
Analysis
1. Qualitative Analysis
O Is not based on precise measurement and
quantitative claims. (PSSC: 2001: 51)
Examples of Qualitative Analysis
1. Social analysis;
2. From the biggest to the smallest class;
3. Most important to the least important;
4.Ranking of students according to brightness;
2. Quantitative Analysis
O Is employed on data that have been assigned
some numerical value. (PSSC: 2001: 51)
O It can range from the examination of simple
frequencies to the description of events or
phenomenon using descriptive statistics, and
to the investigation of correlation and causal
hypothesis using various statistical tests.
(PSSC: 2001: 51)
 INTERPRETATION

O This section answers the question, “So

what?” in relation to the results of the study.
What do the results of the study mean?

O This part is, perhaps, the most critical

aspect of the research report.
O It is often the most difficult to write because
it is the least structured.

O This section demands perceptiveness and

creativity from the researcher.
How do we interpret
the result(s) of our
study?
1. Tie up the results of the study in both
theory and application by pulling together
the:
a. conceptual/theoretical framework;
b. the review of literature; and
c. the study’s potential significance for
application.
2. Examine, summarize, interpret and justify
the results; then, draw inferences.
Consider the following:
a. Conclude or summarize
This technique enables the reader to
get the total picture of the findings in
summarized form, and helps orient the reader
to the discussion that follows.
b. Interpret
Questions on the meaning of the
findings, the methodology, the unexpected
results and the limitations and shortcomings
of the study should be answered and
interpreted.
c. Integrate
This is an attempt to put the pieces
together. Often, the results of a study are
disparate and do not seem to “hang together.”
In the discussion, attempt to bring the findings
together to extract meaning and principles.
d. Theorize
When the study includes a number of
related findings, it occasionally becomes
possible to theorize.
1. Integrate your findings into a principle;
2. Integrate a theory into your findings; and
3. Use these findings to formulate an original
theory

e. Recommend or apply alternatives

 In deducing interpretation from
statistical analysis, the following
keywords or phrases may be useful:
1. Table _____ presents the…
2. Table _____ indicates the…
3. As reflected in the table, there was…
4. As observed, there was indeed…
5. Delving deeper into the figures…
6. The illustrative graph above/below shows that…
7. In explaining this result, it can be stated that…
8. Is significantly related to…
9. Is found to be determinant of…
10. Registered positive correlation with…
11. Is revealed to influence…
12. Has significant relationship with…
13. Is discovered to be a factor of…
14. In relation with the result of ______, it may be
constructed that…
15. And in viewing in this sense, it
can be stated that…
16. The result establishes the fact that…
17. This finding suggests that…
18. With this result, the researcher
developed an impression that…
19. This finding also validates the findings of…
20. This improvement in ______ could be
understood in the context of…
21. These findings also accept the framework of
the study…
22. The interpretation marked as __________
reveals that…
23. Nevertheless, this finding could be attributed
to the fact that…
24. Probably, this was also
influenced…
25. In the rational sense, the
juxtaposition of…
Saavedra (1997) give some guidelines
in the presentation, analysis and
interpretation of data:
1. The chapter is organized and divided into
several main components or topics, each of which
is titled according to the sub-problem or hypothesis
statement.
2. Present only relevant data.
3. In reporting data, choose the medium that will
present them effectively.
4. Presenting tables that can be presented as well
in a few sentences in the text must be avoided.
5. The textual presentation should supplement or
expand the contents of tables and charts, rather
than duplicate them.
6. Only objective data embodied in tables are
made the bases of discussion.
7. The analysis of the data should be objective and
logical.
8. In analyzing and interpreting data, point out
those that are consistent or inconsistent with the
theory presented in the study’s
theoretical framework.
9. In reporting statistical tests of significance,
include information concerning the value of the
test, the degree of freedom, the probability level
and the direction
of the effect.
10. The findings are compared and contrasted with
that of other previous studies and interpretations
are made thereof.
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