STATISTICS

By: Nidhi Achari, Harsha Devadiga, Vasudha Shinde, Nidhi

Dubey, Ananya Bhadane
SOME TERMS RELATED TO STATISTICS
› When facts, observations or statements are taken on a particular subject, they are
collectively known as data.
› The information collected by the investigator himself or herself with a definite
purpose in his or her mind is called a primary data.
› The information gathered from a source which already had information stored is
called secondary data.
› A particular value of a variable is called variate or observation.
› A quantity which is being measured in an experiment is called a variable.
› Continuous variables are variables which can take any value between two given
values.
› Discontinuous variable are variables which cannot take all possible values
between two given values.
› Range tells how far apart the greatest and least numbers in a set are. It is the
difference between the largest and smallest numbers.
SIMPLE FREQUENCY DISTRIBUTION

Number of siblings Number of › Consider the following data

per student students(frequency) collected on the number of
0 9 siblings each student in class 9th
1 12 of a particular has:
2 7
210013112010032223
3 4 01001121102311
MEAN AND MEDIAN
MEAN OF UNGROUPED DATA
› Mean is the average of all the
values. It is the sum of the
observation divided by the
number of observation. If the
observations are x1, x2,
x3,….,xn, then the average of n
terms or
› Mean = sum of
observations/number of
observations
= x1+x2+x3+…..xn /n
= ∑xi /n, where i=1 to n
MEDIAN OF UNGROUPED DATA
› Median is the middle value,
dividing the number of data into
2 halves. Thus, if there are n
observations x1, x2, x3,…..xn
then
› If n is odd Median = n+1/2 th
observation
› If n is even Median = n/2 th
observation + (n/2 + 1) th
observation /2
GROUPED DATA
› While constructing the simple
frequency distribution, the data was
Marks Number of such that each observation could
students(frequency) be listed individually in a table.
30-40 1 › Now, consider the following data on
40-50 4 the marks 32 students got in
English exam
50-60 4
78 84 53 62 71 86 43 66 36 77 48 59
60-70 5 76 81 92 58 68 74 79 85 65 49 81
70-80 10 75 57 78 84 65 73 42 87 74
80-90 7 › Arranging the above data in an
array, we have
90-100 1
36 42 43 48 49 53 57 58 59 62 65 65
66 68 71 73 74 74 75 76 77 78 78
79 81 81 84 84 85 86 87 92
BAR GRAPHS: Example 1
No. of families
14
Number of childrens Number of families
0 11 12
1 4 10
2 12
8
3 1 No. of
6 families

0
0 1 2 3
Example 2
Number of families
25

Number of cars Number of families

20
0 20
1 8 15
Number of
10 families

0
0 1
Example 3
Number of members Number of families Number of families
0 5 12
1 1
2 3 10

3 2 8
4 11
5 6 6 Number of
families
4

0
0 1 2 3 4 5
HISTOGRAMS
Marks Number of students Histogram
30-40 1 12

40-50 4
10
50-60 4
60-70 5 8

70-80 10
6
80-90 7
90-100 1 4

0
30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100
Bin