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SEE 4433
Power Electronics
And Drives
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Chapter 2:
AC to DC
Conversion
(Rectifiers)
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Rectifiers
Bridge rectifier
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Overview
• Single-phase, Half Wave Rectifier
– Uncontrolled : R, R-L
– Controlled : R, R-L load
– Free wheeling diode
• Single-phase, Full Wave Rectifier
– Uncontrolled : R, R-L load,
– Controlled : R, R-L load
– Continuous and Discontinuous Current-Mode
• Three-phase Rectifier
– Uncontrolled
– Controlled
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Rectifiers
DEFINITION:
Converting AC (from mains or other AC source) to DC power
by using power diodes or by controlling the firing angles of
thyristors/controllable switches.
Basic block diagram
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Single-phase, Half-Wave, R - load
Example
Solution
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Half-Wave with R-L load
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Half-Wave with R-L load
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Half-Wave with R-L load
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R-L Waveform
vL is negative
because the current
is decreasing, i.e :
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Extinction Angle
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Half-Wave with R-L load
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RMS Current, Power
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RMS Current, Power
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Example
Solution
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Example
Solution
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Example
Solution
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Example 2 A diode circuit shown in Fig.2.3 with R=10 , L=20mH, and VS=220 2
sin314t.
(a) Determine the expression for the current though the load in the period 0 t 2
and determine the conduction angle .
(b) If we connect free wheeling diode through the load as shown in Fig.2.5 Determine
the expression for the current though the load in the period of 0 t 3 .
Solution: (a) For the period of 0 t , the expression of the load current can be
obtained from (2.24) as following:
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1 L 1 314 * 20 *10
tan tan 0.561 rad . and tan 0.628343
R 10
Z R 2 (L) 2 10 2 (314 * 20 *10 3 ) 2 11.8084
t
V
i (t ) m sin t sin e tan
Z
220 2
11.8084
sin t 0.561 0.532 * e 1.5915 t
i (t ) 26.3479 sint 0.561 14.0171* e 1.5915 t
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The value of can be obtained from the above equation by substituting for i ( ) 0 . Then,
0 26.3479 sin 0.561 14.0171 * e 1.5915
By using the numerical analysis we can get the value of . The simplest method is by
using the simple iteration technique by assuming
26.3479 sin 0.561 14.0171 * e 1.5915 and substitute different values for in the
region 2 till we get the minimum value of then the corresponding value of is
the required value. The narrow intervals mean an accurate values of . The following
table shows the relation between and :
1.1 6.49518
1.12 4.87278
1.14 3.23186
1.16 1.57885
1.18 -0.079808
1.2 -1.73761
It is clear from the above table that 1.18 rad. The current in wt 2 will be
zero due to the diode will block the negative current to flow.
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(b) In case of free-wheeling diode as shown in Fig.2.5, we have to divide the operation of
this circuit into three parts. The first one when 0 t (D1 “ON”, D2 “OFF”), the
second case when t 2 (D1 “OFF” and D2 “ON”) and the last one when
2 t 3 (D1 “ON”, D2 “OFF”).
In the first part ( 0 t ) the expression for the load current can be obtained as
In case (a). Then:
i ( wt ) 26.3479 sin t 0.561 14.0171* e 1.5915 wt for 0 t
the current at t is starting value for the current in the next part. Then
i ( ) 26.3479 sin 0.561 14.0171 * e 1.5915 14.1124 A
In the second part t 2 , the expression for the load current can be obtained
from (2.30) as following:
t
tan
i (t ) B e
where B i ( ) 14.1124 A
Then i (t ) 14.1124 e 1.5915t for ( t 2 )
The current at t 2 is starting value for the current in the next part. Then
i (2 ) 0.095103 A
In the last part ( 2 t 3 ) the expression for the load current can be obtained
from (2.36):
t 2
sin t 2 i 2 sin e
Vm Vm tan
i (t )
Z Z
i (t ) 26.3479 sin t 6.8442 0.095103 26.3479 * 0.532e 1.5915t 2
i (t ) 26.3479 sin t 6.8442 14.1131e 1.5915t 2 for ( 2 t 3 )
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Controlled Half-Wave
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Controlled
Half-Wave
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Controlled Have-Wave, R-L load
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Controlled Have-
Wave, R-L load
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Controlled Have-Wave, R-L load
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Example
1. A half wave controlled rectifier has a source of 120V
RMS at 60 Hz. R = 20 ohm, L= 0.04 H, and the delay
angle is 45 degrees. Determine: (a) the expression for
current i(ωt), (b) average current, (c) the power absorbed
by the load.
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Solution
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Solution
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Freewheeling diode (FWD)
• Note that for single-phase, half wave rectifier with R-L load,
the load (output) current is NOT continuous. (Bad current)
• A FWD (sometimes known as commutation diode) can be
placed as shown below to make it continuous
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Art 2.12 Free Wheeling Diode
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Why single-phase full-wave ?
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Full Wave Rectifier
• Diode Rectifiers
• M. H. Rashid pages 69-85
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Full Wave Rectifier
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Bridge Waveforms
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Center-tapped
waveforms
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Full Wave Bridge, R-L load
Positive Half-Cycle
Negative Half-Cycle46
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Approximation with large inductor, L
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R-L load approximation
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R-L load
approximation
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Example
Given a bridge rectifier has an AC
source Vm= 100 V
at 50 Hz, and R-L load with R = 100 Ω,
L = 10 mH
i) determine the average current in the
load
ii) determine the first two higher order
harmonics of the load current
iii) determine the power absorbed by
the load
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UNIVERSITI TEKNOLOGI MALAYSIA M.H. Rashid
Controlled Full
Wave, R load
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Controlled Full Wave, R load
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Controlled Full Wave, R-L load
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To
improve
Vo, insert
diode
FWD
across
load
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Discontinuous Mode
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Discontinuous Mode
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Continuous Mode
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Continuous Mode
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Waveform –
Continuous R – L
Load ( L >> R )
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Waveform –
Continuous R – L
Load ( L >> R )
Effect of inserting
FWD
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• In the top group (D1, D3), the cathodes (-) of the two diodes are
at a common potential. Therefore, the diode with its anode (+) at
the highest potential will conduct (carry) id.
• For example, when vs is ( +), D1 conducts id and D3 reverses (by
taking loop around vs, D1 and D3).
When vs is (-), D3 conducts, D1 reverses.
• In the bottom group, the anodes of the two diodes are at common
potential. Therefore the diode with its cathode at the lowest
potential conducts id.
• For example, when vs (+), D2 carry id. D4 reverses.
When vs is (-), D4 carry id. D2 reverses.
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Three-phase full-wave rectifiers
vo = vp - vn
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Three-phase waveforms
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3-Phase Current
Waveform - L>>R
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Three-phase half-
wave rectifiers
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Three-phase full-wave
controlled rectifier
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Controlled,
three-phase
waveforms –
R load
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Controlled, three-phase
waveforms – RL load
Note:
α < 60o Vo always +ve, α >
60o, Vo goes negative (RL
load)
(Can be overcame by
FWD diode)
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Controlled, three-phase
waveforms
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Output voltage of controlled
three phase rectifier
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Example :
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The End
of Chapter 2
Thank You
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